{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 279,
"id": "d370a882-23ad-406d-b87d-1ad45ae92fdf",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"import pandas as pd\n",
"import networkx as nx\n",
"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
"from IPython.display import display, Markdown"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "de366563-02cb-4608-8c78-2ab44bd70acc",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### Building a graph from the current etymological wordnet data"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 271,
"id": "30df0308-6919-41ae-a72e-42cf5ad7fde0",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"def load_data(filepath):\n",
" # Load the TSV file into a DataFrame\n",
" df = pd.read_csv(filepath, sep='\\t', header=None, names=['derivative', 'relation', 'root'])\n",
" return df\n",
"\n",
"def build_graph(df):\n",
" # Create a directed graph from the DataFrame\n",
" G = nx.from_pandas_edgelist(\n",
" df[(df['relation'] == 'rel:etymology') | (df['relation'] == 'rel:is_derived_from')],\n",
" source='root',\n",
" target='derivative',\n",
" create_using=nx.DiGraph()\n",
" )\n",
" return G\n",
"\n",
"def trace_etymology(graph, word):\n",
" if word not in graph:\n",
" print(f\"Word '{word}' not found in the graph.\")\n",
" return\n",
"\n",
" # Perform a reverse DFS to find all etymology paths\n",
" all_paths = [] # List to store all paths\n",
"\n",
" def dfs(node, path):\n",
" path.append(node)\n",
" predecessors = list(graph.predecessors(node))\n",
" if not predecessors:\n",
" all_paths.append(path.copy()) # Append a copy of the path if it's a root\n",
" else:\n",
" for predecessor in predecessors:\n",
" if predecessor not in path: # Check to prevent cycles\n",
" dfs(predecessor, path)\n",
" path.pop() # Remove the node from path after exploring its predecessors\n",
"\n",
" # Start DFS from the specified word\n",
" dfs(word, [])\n",
"\n",
" # Print all paths found\n",
" if all_paths:\n",
" # print(f\"Tracing all etymological paths for {word}:\")\n",
" for path in all_paths:\n",
" # path.reverse() # Reverse to start from the root\n",
" readable_path = \" <- \".join(path)\n",
" return path\n",
" else:\n",
" print(f\"No etymological paths found for '{word}'.\")"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 156,
"id": "a61e2596-f31b-4c74-bcb9-9db82d6adbf0",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Number of nodes: 405940\n",
"Number of edges: 473433\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"etymwn_graph = build_graph(load_data('etymwn.tsv'))\n",
"if etymwn_graph is not None:\n",
" print(\"Number of nodes:\", graph.number_of_nodes())\n",
" print(\"Number of edges:\", graph.number_of_edges())"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 157,
"id": "e087a483-b24c-4eaa-b89c-4167cc51bdf1",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Tracing all etymological paths for eng: fights:\n",
"eng: fights <- eng: fight <- ang: feoht\n",
"eng: fights <- eng: fight <- enm: fighten <- ang: feohtan\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"trace_etymology(etymwn_graph, 'eng: fights')"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 158,
"id": "3d4779e2-2c1f-43fd-a505-c16c6d4e351c",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Tracing all etymological paths for eng: agoraphobia:\n",
"eng: agoraphobia <- lat: agoraphobia\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"trace_etymology(etymwn_graph, 'eng: agoraphobia')"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 159,
"id": "8e9464ad-6223-4a77-ac32-ea4b798462e1",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Tracing all etymological paths for eng: plethora:\n",
"eng: plethora <- lat: plethora <- grc: πληθώρη <- grc: πλήθω\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"trace_etymology(etymwn_graph, 'eng: plethora')"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "2741c851-6f02-42f4-b3f1-95841ab5c53d",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### NLTK Wordnet"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 205,
"id": "1e8fab7d-47b6-4ccd-92e2-7a7e1905083d",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"from nltk.corpus import wordnet as wn"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 290,
"id": "d277ebef-496b-4bb7-a627-bcaf32aa8f1a",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Synset('several.s.01')\n",
"Synset('respective.s.01')\n",
"Synset('several.s.03')\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"for item in wn.synsets('several'):\n",
" print(item)\n",
" # lemma, pos, freq = item.lemma().split('.')\n",
" # print(lemma)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 220,
"id": "da9d5c9c-f212-4212-9eb8-3947b5ba76f2",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"['dog', 'domestic_dog', 'Canis_familiaris']"
]
},
"execution_count": 220,
"metadata": {},
"output_type": "execute_result"
}
],
"source": [
"wn.synsets('dog')[0].lemma_names()"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 266,
"id": "a95ad2bc-eeae-419d-850e-734cd7751b0a",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"import requests\n",
"from nltk.corpus import wordnet as wn\n",
"\n",
"# def fetch_etymology(word):\n",
"# # Use API or scrape to get etymology\n",
"# pass\n",
"\n",
"def determine_origin(etymology_text):\n",
" if not etymology_text:\n",
" return \"\"\n",
" if 'grc' in etymology_text:\n",
" return 'Greek'\n",
" elif 'lat' in etymology_text:\n",
" return 'Latin'\n",
" elif 'enm' in etymology_text:\n",
" return 'Germanic'\n",
" return \"\"\n",
"\n",
"def fetch_synsets(word):\n",
" return wn.synsets(word)\n",
"\n",
"def build_synset_list(words):\n",
" origin_map = {}\n",
" synsets_with_mixed_origins = []\n",
"\n",
" for word in words:\n",
" etymology = trace_etymology(etymwn_graph, f\"eng: {word}\")\n",
" origin = determine_origin(etymology)\n",
" origin_map[word] = origin\n",
"\n",
" synsets = fetch_synsets(word)\n",
" for synset in synsets:\n",
" synset_origins = set(origin_map.get(w.name().split('.')[0], None) for w in synset.lemmas())\n",
" if 'Greek' in synset_origins and 'Latin' in synset_origins:\n",
" synsets_with_mixed_origins.append((synset, synset_origins))\n",
"\n",
" return synsets_with_mixed_origins\n",
"\n",
"# Sample usage with a smaller list of words\n",
"words = ['philosophy', 'biology', 'science', 'knowledge']\n",
"mixed_origin_synsets = build_synset_list(words)\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 283,
"id": "0a7ddc3e-d853-4e7d-8600-5ae5e3e0651d",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"{'many': 'ENM:'}\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"def synsets_and_origins(word):\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" Get synsets from WordNet for a given word and determine their origins.\n",
" Returns a list of tuples where each tuple contains a synset and its origin.\n",
" \"\"\"\n",
" synsets = wn.synsets(word)\n",
" synset_origin_info = {}\n",
" \n",
" for synset in synsets:\n",
" # Get all words/lemmas in the synset\n",
" words = {lemma.name() for lemma in synset.lemmas()}\n",
" for word in words:\n",
" if word not in synset_origin_info:\n",
" word = word.replace('_', ' ')\n",
" origin = trace_etymology(etymwn_graph, f\"eng: {word}\")\n",
" if origin:\n",
" synset_origin_info[word] = origin[-1][:4].upper()\n",
" \n",
" return synset_origin_info\n",
"\n",
"# Example usage\n",
"word = 'many'\n",
"synsets_origins = synsets_and_origins(word)\n",
"print(synsets_origins)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 225,
"id": "078c3548-ff55-4a6b-89a6-42a72e0f116a",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"[]\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"print(mixed_origin_synsets)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"id": "2fa57245-97de-40e6-8a5a-bf33a5bc13df",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"### Parsing the MediaWiki XML dump"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 164,
"id": "bba401db-905f-4ebf-b21c-4940ee49f8b4",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"import re\n",
"from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET\n",
"\n",
"def extract_etymologies(file_path, limit_mb):\n",
" word_etymology_list = []\n",
" bytes_processed = 0\n",
" limit_bytes = limit_mb * 1024 * 1024\n",
" language_pattern = r'==([^=]+)==\\n' # Regex to capture language sections\n",
"\n",
" try:\n",
" with open(file_path, 'rb') as file:\n",
" for event, elem in ET.iterparse(file, events=(\"start\", \"end\")):\n",
" if event == \"end\" and elem.tag == '{http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/}page':\n",
" title = None\n",
" languages = {}\n",
" \n",
" for child in elem:\n",
" if child.tag == '{http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/}title':\n",
" title = child.text\n",
" elif child.tag == '{http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/}revision':\n",
" text_elem = child.find('{http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/}text')\n",
" if text_elem is not None and text_elem.text:\n",
" sections = re.split(language_pattern, text_elem.text)\n",
" for i in range(1, len(sections), 2):\n",
" language = sections[i].strip()\n",
" content = sections[i + 1]\n",
" etymology_matches = re.findall(r'===Etymology \\d+===(.*?)==', content, re.S)\n",
" if etymology_matches:\n",
" languages[language] = [etym.strip() for etym in etymology_matches]\n",
" \n",
" if title and languages:\n",
" word_etymology_list.append((title, languages))\n",
" elem.clear()\n",
"\n",
" bytes_processed += sum(len(child.tail or '') + len(child.text or '') for child in elem)\n",
" if bytes_processed >= limit_bytes:\n",
" break\n",
"\n",
" except ET.ParseError as e:\n",
" return f\"Parse error occurred: {e}\\n---\\n{format_markdown(word_etymology_list)}\"\n",
"\n",
" return format_markdown(word_etymology_list)\n",
"\n",
"def format_markdown(word_etymology_list):\n",
" markdown_output = \"# Extracted Etymologies\\n\"\n",
" for word, languages in word_etymology_list:\n",
" markdown_output += f\"## {word}\\n\"\n",
" for language, etymologies in languages.items():\n",
" markdown_output += f\"### {language}\\n\"\n",
" for etymology in etymologies:\n",
" markdown_output += f\"- {etymology}\\n\"\n",
" return markdown_output\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 165,
"id": "f8736fb4-8f17-42a4-b16e-5e6a1281ddc8",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# Define the path to the XML file and the MB limit\n",
"file_path = 'truncated_enwiktionary-20240101-pages-meta-current.xml'\n",
"limit_mb = 10 # Limit to the first 100 MB of the file\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"formatted_etymology_data = extract_etymologies(file_path, limit_mb)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 166,
"id": "09e86221-6dfc-4baf-8691-8729cda66629",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"data": {
"text/plain": [
"'Parse error occurred: no element found: line 118767, column 285\\n---\\n# Extracted Etymologies\\n## portmanteau\\n### English\\n- {{etymid|en|luggage}}\\n{{root|en|ine-pro|*per- (fare)}}\\nFrom {{bor|en|frm|portemanteau||coat stand}}, from {{compound|frm|nocat=1|porter|alt1=porte|t1=carries|pos1=third-person singular present indicative of {{m|frm|porter|t=to carry}}|manteau|t2=coat|lit=[that which] carries coat}}.\\n- {{etymid|en|word}}\\nFirst used by {{w|Lewis Carroll}} in \\'\\'{{w|Through the Looking-Glass}}\\'\\' to describe the words he coined in {{w|Jabberwocky}}.\\n## cat\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|cat}}, {{m|enm|catte}}, from {{inh|en|ang|catt||male cat}}, {{m|ang|catte||female cat}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*kattu}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*kattuz}}. Further etymology is unclear. \\n{{rel-top|Further etymology and cognates.}}\\nThe Germanic word is generally thought to be from {{der|en|LL.|cattus||domestic cat}} (c. 350, [[w:Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius|Palladius]]), from {{der|en|la|catta}} (c. 75 {{small|A.D.}}, [[w:Martial|Martial]]),<ref>{{R:Etymonline}}</ref> from an {{der|en|afa}} language. This would roughly match how domestic cats themselves spread, as genetic studies suggest they began to spread out of the [[Near East]] / [[Fertile Crescent]] during the Neolithic (being in Cyprus by 9500 years ago,<ref name=\"ISample\"/><ref name=\"COttoni\"/> and Greece and Italy by 2500 years ago<ref>Dennis C. Turner, Patrick Bateson, \\'\\'The Domestic Cat: The Biology of its Behaviour\\'\\' ({{ISBN|1107512212}}), page 93</ref>), especially after they became popular in Egypt.<ref name=\"ISample\">Ian Sample, \\'\\'[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jun/29/genetics.sciencenews DNA research identifies homeland of the domestic cat]\\'\\', in \\'\\'The Guardian\\'\\' (29 June 2007)</ref><ref name=\"COttoni\">Claudio Ottoni, Wim Van Neer, Eva-Maria Geigl, et al, \\'\\'The palaeogenetics of cat dispersal in the ancient world\\'\\', in \\'\\'Nature: Ecology & Evolution\\'\\', volume 1 (19 June 2017) (doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0139); summarized e.g. by [https://web.archive.org/web/20180516020404/http://blogs.plos.org/onscienceblogs/2017/06/23/where-did-cats-come-from/ PLOS]</ref> However, every proposed source word has presented problems. [[w:Adolphe Pictet|Adolphe Pictet]]<ref>{{R:ine:Pictet|vol=I|page=381}}</ref> and many subsequent sources refer to [[w:Barabra|Barabra]] (Nubian) {{m|onw|tr=kaddîska}} and \"Nouba\" ([[w:Nobiin language|Nobiin]]) {{m|fia|kadīs}} as possible sources or cognates,<ref>Otto Keller, \\'\\'Die antike Tierwelt\\'\\', vol. 1: \\'\\'Säugetiere\\'\\' (Leipzig, 1909), 75; Walther von Wartburg, ed. \\'\\'[[w:Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch|Französisches etymologisches Wörterbuch]]\\'\\', vol. 2 (Basel: R. G. Zbinden, 1922–1967), 520.</ref> but M. Lionel Bender says the Nubian word is a loan from {{noncog|ar|قِطَّة}}.<ref name=\"Qitta\">John Huehnergard, “Qitta: Arabic Cats”, in \\'\\'Classical Arabic Humanities in Their Own Terms\\'\\', ed. Beatrice Gruendler (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 407–18.</ref> Jean-Paul Savignac suggests the Latin word is from an Egyptian precursor of {{cog|cop|ϣⲁⲩ||tomcat}} suffixed with feminine {{m|egy|-t}},<ref>Jean-Paul Savignac, \\'\\'Dictionnaire français-gaulois\\'\\', s.v. \"[[chat]]\" (Paris: Errance, 2004), 82.</ref> but John Huehnergard says \"the source [...] was clearly not Egyptian itself, where no analogous form is attested.\"<ref name=\"Qitta\"/>\\n\\nIt may be a [[Wanderwort]].<ref>{{R:EWddS|ed=22|hw=Katze|362}}</ref> Kroonen says the word must have existed in Germanic from a very early date, as it shows morphological alternations, and suggests that it might have been borrowed from Uralic, compare {{noncog|se|gađfe||female stoat}} and {{noncog|hu|hölgy||stoat; lady, bride}} from {{noncog|urj-pro|*käďwä||female (of a fur animal)}}.<ref>{{R:gem:EDPG|*kattōn-}}</ref>\\n\\nRelated to {{cog|sco|cat}}, {{cog|fy|kat}}, {{cog|frr|kåt}} and {{m|frr|kaat}}, {{cog|nl|kat}}, {{cog|da|kat}}, {{cog|no|katt}}, {{cog|sv|katt}}, {{cog|nds-de|Katt}} and {{m|nds-de|Katte}}, {{cog|de|Katze}}, {{cog|gsw|Chatz}}, {{cog|is|köttur}}, {{cog|af|kat}}, {{cog|la|cattus}}, {{cog|fr|chat}}, {{cog|nrf|cat}}, {{cog|oc|cat}}, {{cog|pt|gato}}, {{cog|es|gato}}, {{cog|rup|cãtush}}, {{cog|gd|cat}}, {{cog|ga|cat}}, {{cog|br|kazh}}, {{cog|cy|cath}}, {{cog|kw|kath}}, as well as {{cog|grc|κάττα}}, {{cog|el|γάτα}}, {{cog|tr|kedi}}, and from the same ultimate source {{cog|ru|кот}}, {{cog|uk|кіт}}, {{cog|be|кот}}, {{cog|pl|kot}}, {{cog|csb|kòt}}, {{cog|lt|katė}}, and more distantly {{cog|hy|կատու}}, {{cog|eu|katu}}, {{cog|ar|قِطَّة}} alongside dialectal Maghrebi Arabic {{m|ar|قَطُّوس}} (from Berber, probably from Latin).\\n{{rel-bottom}}\\n- From {{m|en|concatenate}}, derived from the program\\'s function of concatenating files. Compare {{m|en|concat}}.\\n- Abbreviations.\\n## gratis\\n### Catalan\\n- From {{der|ca|la|grātīs}}.\\n- \\n## word\\n### English\\n- [[File:About- General sign.ogv|thumb| The word \\'\\'about\\'\\' signed in [[American Sign Language]].]]\\n{{root|en|ine-pro|*werh₁-|*dʰeh₁-}}\\nFrom {{inh|en|enm|word}}, from {{inh|en|ang|word}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*word}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*wurdą}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*werdʰh₁om|*wr̥dʰh₁om}}. {{doublet|en|verb|verve}}; further related to {{m|en|vrata}}.\\n- Variant of {{m|en|worth||to become, turn into, grow, get}}, from {{inh|en|enm|worthen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|weorþan|t=to turn into, become, grow}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*werþan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*werþaną|t=to turn, turn into, become}}. More at {{section link|worth#Verb}}.\\n### Middle English\\n- From {{inh|enm|ang|word}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*word}}, from {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*wurdą}}, from {{inh|enm|ine-pro|*werdʰh₁om}}. {{doublet|enm|verbe}}.\\n- \\n### Old English\\n- {{root|ang|ine-pro|*werh₁-|*dʰeh₁-}}\\nFrom {{inh|ang|gmw-pro|*word}}, from {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*wurdą}}.\\n- {{root|ang|ine-pro|*Hwerdʰ-}}\\n{{etymid|ang|thornbush}}\\n{{unk|ang}}. Perhaps ultimately from {{der|ang|ine-pro|*wr̥dʰos|t=sweetbriar}}. Compare {{cog|la|rubus||bramble}}, {{cog|fa|گل|tr=gol||flower}}.\\n## livre\\n### French\\n- {{inh+|fr|frm|livre}}, from {{inh|fr|fro|livre}}, a {{slbor|nocap=1|fr|la|liber|librum}}. The strictly inherited form would be {{m|fr||*loivre}}. {{doublet|fr|liber}}.\\n- {{inh+|fr|frm|livre}}, from {{inh|fr|fro|livre}}, from {{inh|fr|la|lībra}}.\\n- \\n### Middle French\\n- From {{inh|frm|fro|livre}}, from {{der|frm|la|liber}}.\\n- From {{inh|frm|fro|livre}}, from {{inh|frm|la|lībra}}.\\n- From {{inh|frm|fro|livre}}, from {{der|frm|la|līber}}.\\n### Norman\\n- From {{inh|nrf|fro|livre}}, a {{slbor|nocap=1|nrf|la|liber|liber, librum}}.\\n- From {{der|nrf|la|libra}}.\\n### Old French\\n- {{slbor|fro|la|liber|liber, librum}}.\\n- From {{inh|fro|la|lībra}}.\\n- {{slbor|fro|la|līber}}.\\n### Portuguese\\n- From {{inh|pt|roa-opt|livre}}, {{m|roa-opt|libre}}, from {{inh|pt|la|līber}}, from {{inh|pt|itc-ola|loeber}}, from {{inh|pt|itc-pro|*louðeros}}, from {{inh|pt|ine-pro||*h₁lewdʰ-er-os}}, from {{m|ine-pro|*h₁lewdʰ-||people}}.\\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n## book\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|bok}}, {{m|enm|book}}, from {{inh|en|ang|bōc}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*bōk}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*bōks}}. Eclipsed non-native {{noncog|enm|livret}}, {{m|enm|lyveret|t=book, booklet}} from {{noncog|fro|livret|t=book, booklet}}. \\'\\'Bookmaker\\'\\' sense by {{clipping|en|nocap=1}}.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|booken}}, {{m|enm|boken}}, from {{inh|en|ang|bōcian}}, {{m|ang|ġebōcian}}, from the noun (see above).\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|book}}, {{m|enm|bok}}, from {{inh|en|ang|bōc}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*bōk}}, first and third person singular indicative past tense of {{der|en|gem-pro|*bakaną|t=to bake}}.\\n### Middle English\\n- \\n- \\n## pound\\n### English\\n- {{root|en|ine-pro|*(s)pend-}}\\nFrom {{inh|en|enm|pound}}, from {{inh|en|ang|pund||a pound, weight}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*pundą||pound, weight}}, an early borrowing from {{der|en|la|pondō||by weight}}, ablative form of {{m|la|pondus||weight}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*pend-}}, {{m|ine-pro|*spend-||to pull, stretch}}. Cognate with {{cog|nl|pond}}, {{cog|de|Pfund}}, {{cog|da|pund}} and {{cog|sv|pund}}. {{doublet|en|pood|punt}}.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|pounde}}, {{m|enm|ponde}}, {{m|enm|pund}}, from {{inh|en|ang|pund|t=an enclosure}}, related to {{cog|ang|pyndan|t=to enclose, shut up, dam, impound}}. Compare also {{cog|ang|pynd|t=a [[cistern]], lake}}.\\n- From an alteration of earlier {{m|en|poun}}, {{m|en|pown}}, from {{inh|en|enm|pounen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|pūnian||to pound, beat, bray, bruise, crush}}, from {{der|en|gmw-pro|*pūn-|t=broken pieces, rubble}}. Related to {{cog|stq|Pün|t=debris, fragments}}, {{cog|fy|pún|t=debris, rubble}}, {{cog|nl|puin||debris, fragments, rubbish}}, {{cog|nds|pun||fragments}}.\\n## pond\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|pond}}, {{m|enm|ponde|t=pond, pool}}, probably from {{inh|en|ang|*pond}}, {{m|ang|*pand}} (attested in placenames), a variant of {{m|ang|*pund|t=enclosure}}. {{doublet|en|[[pound#Etymology_2|pound]]}}.\\n- {{clipping|en|ponder}}.\\n## pie\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|pye}}, {{m|enm|pie}}, {{m|enm|pey}}, perhaps from {{inh|en|ang|*pīe|t=pastry}} (compare {{cog|ang|pīe}}, {{m|ang|pēo|t=insect, bug}}), attested in early {{m+|enm|piehus|t=bakery|lit=pie-house}} {{circa2|1199|short=yes}}. Relation to {{cog|ML.|pica}}, {{m|la|pia|t=pie, pastry}} is unclear, as there are no similar terms found in any Romance languages; therefore, like {{cog|ga|pióg|t=pie}}, the Latin term may have been simply borrowed from the English.\\n\\nSome sources state the word comes from {{der|en|la|pīca|t=magpie, jay}} (from the idea of the many ingredients put into pies likened to the tendency of magpies to bring a variety of objects back to their nests), ultimately from {{der|en|ine-pro|*(s)peyk-||woodpecker; magpie}}, though this has its controversies. However, if so, then it is a {{doublet|en|pica|nocap=1}}.\\n- {{root|en|ine-pro|*(s)peyk-}}\\nFrom {{inh|en|enm|pye}}, from {{der|en|fro|pie}}, from {{der|en|la|pīca}}, feminine of {{m|la|pīcus||woodpecker}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*(s)peyk-||woodpecker; magpie}}. Cognate with {{m|en|speight}}. {{doublet|en|pica}}.\\n- From {{bor|en|hi|पाई||quarter}}, from {{der|en|sa|पादिका}}.\\n- From {{bor|en|hi|पाहि||[[migrant]] [[farmer]], [[passer]]-[[through]]}}, from {{der|en|sa|पार्श्व||[[side]], [[vicinity]]}}.\\n- From {{bor|en|es|pie||[[foot]], [[Spanish]] [[foot]]}}, from {{der|en|la|pēs||[[foot]], [[ancient Roman|Roman]] [[foot]]}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*pṓds}}. {{doublet|en|foot|pes|pous}}.\\n- \\n### Latin\\n- \\n- \\n### Middle English\\n- From {{bor|enm|ML.|pīca}}.\\n- From {{bor|enm|fro|pie}}.\\n### Spanish\\n- {{dercat|es|itc-pro|ine-pro|inh=2}}\\n{{inh+|es|osp|pie}}, from {{inh|es|la|pēs|pedem}}.\\n\\nCognate with {{cog|ast|pie}}, {{cog|gl|-}} and {{cog|pt|pé}}, and {{cog|ca|peu}}. As an English unit, a [[calque]] of {{der|es|en|foot}}.\\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n- {{ubor|es|en|pie}}.\\n## A\\n### Translingual\\n- From the {{der|mul|ett|-}} letter {{m|ett|𐌀}}, from the {{der|mul|grc|-}} letter {{m|grc|Α||alpha}}, derived from the {{der|mul|phn|-}} letter {{m|phn|𐤀||[[aleph]]}}, from the {{der|mul|egy|-}} hieroglyph {{m|egy|𓃾}}.\\n- The abbreviation of a variety of terms.\\n### English\\n- From {{der|en|enm|-}} and {{der|en|ang|-}} upper case letter {{m|enm|A}} and split of {{der|en|enm|-}} and {{der|en|ang|-}} upper case letter {{m|enm|Æ}}.\\n* The {{der|en|ang|-}} letters {{m|ang|A}} and {{m|ang|Æ}} replaced the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letters {{m|mul|ᚪ||tr=a|āc}} and {{m|mul|ᚫ||tr=æ|æsc}}, derived from the Runic letter {{m|mul|ᚫ||tr=a|Ansuz}}, in the 7th century.\\n- * {{sense|highest rank|grade|music}} From the initial position of the letter {{m|en|A}} in the English alphabet.\\n* {{sense|blood type}} From {{m|en|w:ABO blood group system|A antigen}}\\n### Chinese\\n- From the hotkey in many video games associated with the command \"attack\".\\n- Initialism of {{bor|zh|en|available}}.\\n- From the letter A of the English pattern playing cards. Various names exist for this symbol in the spoken language.\\n; Mandarin \\'\\'jiān\\'\\'\\n: From {{zh-l|尖|tip}}, because the letter A has an upward tip.\\n; Cantonese \\'\\'jin1\\'\\'\\n: {{clipping|yue|煙士}}, from {{bor|yue|en|ace}}.\\n- \\n### Danish\\n- \\n- \\n### German\\n- \\n- \\n### Luxembourgish\\n- \\n- From {{inh|lb|goh|ouga}}, from {{inh|lb|gem-pro|*augô}}, ultimately from {{der|lb|ine-pro|*h₃ekʷ-||eye; to see}}. The phonetic development in Luxembourgish is regular: Old High German \\'\\'-ou-\\'\\' becomes \\'\\'-ā-\\'\\'; intervocalic \\'\\'-g-\\'\\' is lost; word-final short vowels are apocopated.\\n- From {{inh|lb|gmh|ouwe}}, from {{inh|lb|goh|ouwa}}, from {{inh|lb|gem-pro|*awjō}}. Cognate with {{cog|de|Aue}}, {{cog|en|eyot}}, {{cog|is|ey}}, {{cog|da|ø}}, {{cog|sv|ö}}.\\n### Scots\\n- \\n- From {{inh|sco|enm|a}}, an unstressed form of {{m|enm|I}}, itself a reduced form of {{m|enm|ik}}, {{m|enm|ic}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|ic}}, from {{inh|sco|gmw-pro|*ik}}, from {{inh|sco|gem-pro|*ek||pos=pronoun|I}}, from {{inh|sco|ine-pro|*éǵh₂}}.\\n### Spanish\\n- \\n- {{abbreviation of|es|alfil}}\\n## crow\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|crowe|sc=Latn}}, from {{inh|en|ang|crāwe}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*krāā}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*krēǭ}} (compare {{cog|fy|krie}}, {{cog|nl|kraai}}, {{cog|de|Krähe}}), from {{m|gem-pro|*krēaną||to crow}}. See below.\\n- {{root|en|ine-pro|*gerH-}}\\nThe verb is from {{inh|en|enm|crowen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|crāwan}} (past tense {{m|ang|crēow}}, past participle {{m|ang|crāwen}}), from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*krāan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*krēaną}}, from {{onomatopoeic|en|title=imitative}} {{der|en|ine-pro|*gerh₂-|*gerH-|to cry hoarsely}}.<ref>{{R:American_Heritage_Dictionary|crow}}</ref>\\n\\nThe noun is from {{inh|en|enm|crowe}}, from the verb.<ref>{{R:Oxford English Dictionary|entry=Crow (kr\\'\\'ō\\'\\'{{sup|u}})|part of speech=\\'\\'sb.\\'\\'{{sup|2}}|noformat=1|volume=II|page=1206|column=3|passage=f. {{smallcaps|Crow}} \\'\\'v.\\'\\'|nodot=1}}</ref><ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=crou|part of speech=n|id=MED9002|passage=From crouen .|nodot=1}}</ref>\\n\\nCompare {{cog|nl|kraaien}}, {{cog|de|krähen}}, {{cog|lt|gróti}}, {{cog|ru|гра́ять}}). Related to {{m|en|croak}}.\\n## raven\\n### English\\n- [[Image:The Raven.jpg|thumb|right|A raven (bird).]]\\nFrom {{inh|en|enm|raven}}, {{m|enm|reven}}, from {{inh|en|ang|hræfn}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*hrabn}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*hrabnaz|t=raven}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*ḱrep-}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*ḱer-|t=to croak, crow}}.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|ravene}}, {{m|enm|ravine}}, from {{der|en|fro|raviner|t=rush, seize by force}}, itself from {{m|fro|ravine|t=rapine}}, from {{der|en|la|rapīna|t=plundering, loot}}, itself from {{m|la|rapere|t=seize, plunder, abduct}}.\\n### Dutch\\n- Borrowed from {{bor|nl|en|rave}}.\\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n## Wiktionary:Entry layout\\n### Contents\\n- \\n- \\n## march\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|marchen}}, from {{der|en|frm|marcher|t=to march, walk}}, from {{der|en|fro|marchier|t=to stride, to march, to trample}}, from {{der|en|frk|*markōn|t=to mark, mark out, to press with the foot}}, from {{der|en|gem-pro|*markōną|t=area, region, edge, rim, border}}, akin to {{cog|fa|مرز|tr=marz}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*merǵ-|t=edge, boundary}}. Akin to {{cog|ang|mearc}}, {{m|ang|ġemearc|t=mark, boundary}}. Compare {{m|en|mark}}, from {{inh|en|ang|mearcian}}.\\n- {{etymid|en|borderland}}\\nFrom {{inh|en|enm|marche|t=tract of land along a country\\'s border}}, from {{der|en|fro|marche|t=boundary, frontier}}, from {{der|en|frk|*marku}}, from {{der|en|gem-pro|*markō}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*merǵ-|t=edge, boundary}}.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|merche}}, from {{inh|en|ang|merċe}}, {{m|ang|mereċe}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*marik}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*móri|t=sea}}. Cognate {{cog|gml|merk}}, {{cog|goh|merc}}, {{cog|non|merki|t=celery}}. Compare also obsolete or regional {{m|en|more#Etymology2|t=carrot or parsnip}},<ref>{{R:OED Online|march|n.1|113950|September 2000}}</ref> from {{cog|ine-pro|*mork-|t=edible herb, tuber}}.\\n## may\\n### English\\n- {{root|en|ine-pro|*megʰ-}}\\nFrom {{inh|en|enm|mowen}}, {{m|enm|mayen}}, {{m|enm|moȝen}}, {{m|enm|maȝen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|magan}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*magan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*maganą}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*megʰ-}}.\\n\\nCognate with {{cog|nl|mag||may|pos=first and third-person singular of {{m|nl|mogen||to be able to, be allowed to, may}}}}, {{cog|nds|mögen}}, {{cog|de|mag||like|pos=first and third-person singular of {{m|de|mögen||to like, want, require}}}}, {{cog|sv|må}}, {{cog|is|mega}}, {{m|is|megum}}. See also {{m|en|might}}.\\n- {{der|en|fr|mai}}, so called because it blossoms in the month of [[May]].\\n- Shortening of {{m|en|maid}}, from {{m|en|maiden}}.\\n### Vietnamese\\n- Cognate with {{cog|mtq|băl}}.\\n- \\n- \\n## June\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|June}}, {{m|enm|june}}, re-Latinised variants of earlier {{der|en|enm|Juyn}}, {{m|enm|juyng}}, from {{der|en|fro|juing}}, {{m|fro|juin}}, from {{der|en|la|iūnius}}, the month of the goddess {{m|la|Iuno||Juno}}, perhaps from {{der|en|ine-pro|*h₂yéwHō}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*h₂óyu||vital force, youthful vigor}}.\\n- Short for {{m|en|junior}}\\n## July\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|Julie}}, {{m|enm|julye}}, {{m|enm|iulius}}, from {{der|en|xno|julie}}, from {{der|en|fro|jule}}, {{m|fro|juil}}, from {{der|en|la|iūlius}} ({{w|Julius Caesar|Gaius Julius Caesar}}\\'s month), perhaps a contraction of \\'\\'*Iovilios\\'\\', \"descended from [[Jove]]\".\\n- A translation of the {{der|en|fr|-}} surname {{m|fr|Juillet}}.\\n## august\\n### English\\n- {{root|en|ine-pro|*h₂ewg-}} {{dercat|en|itc-pro|ine-pro}}\\nFrom {{der|en|fr|auguste||noble, stately; august}} or {{der|en|la|augustus||majestic, venerable, august; imperial, royal}},<ref>{{R:Lexico}}</ref> from {{m|la|augeō||to augment, increase; to enlarge, expand, spread}}. {{doublet|en|Augustus}}.\\n- From {{m|en|August|id=month}}.\\n- \\n### Romanian\\n- {{bor+|ro|la|([[mensis]]) [[augustus]]}}. Cf. also the inherited doublet {{doublet|ro|agust|gust|notext=1}}.\\n- {{bor+|ro|fr|auguste}}.\\n## day\\n### Middle English\\n- {{dercat|enm|gmw-pro|gem-pro|inh=2}}\\nFrom {{inh|enm|ang|dæġ}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*dag}}.\\n- \\n## hour\\n### Middle English\\n- \\n- \\n- \\n## minute\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|mynute}}, {{m|enm|minute}}, {{m|enm|mynet}}, from {{der|en|fro|minute}}, from {{der|en|ML.|minūta|t=60th of an hour; note}}. {{doublet|en|menu|menudo}}.\\n- Borrowed from {{bor|en|la|minūtus||small\", \"petty}}, perfect passive participle of {{m|la|minuō||make smaller}}.\\n## swap\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|swappen|t=to swap}}, originally meaning \"to hurl\" or \"to strike\", the word alludes to striking hands together when making an exchange; probably from {{inh|en|ang|*swappian}}, a secondary form of {{inh|en|ang|swāpan||to swoop}}. Cognate with {{cog|de|schwappen||to slosh, slop}}. Compare also {{noncog|enm|swippen|t=to strike, hit}}, from {{noncog|ang|swipian|t=to scourge, strike, beat, lash}}, {{noncog|non|svipa|t=to swoop, flash, whip, look after, look around}}. More at {{m|en|swipe}}.\\n- From the verb {{m|en|swap}}. {{etydate|1620}}\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|swap}}, {{m|enm|swappe|t=a blow, strike, lash from a whip}}, from the verb (see Etymology 1 above).\\n## swop\\n### English\\n- \\n- {{blend|en|swing|hip-hop}}\\n## trade\\n### Galician\\n- From {{inh|gl|roa-opt|traado}}, independently attested (14th century); from {{inh|gl|LL.|taratrum|t=auger}}, used by {{w|Isidore of Seville}}. Probably from {{der|gl|qsb-ibe|-}} or from {{der|gl|cel-pro|*taratrom}}, from {{der|gl|ine-pro|*terh₁-|*térh₁-tro-}}.\\n\\nCognate with {{cog|pt|trado}}, {{cog|es|taladro}}, {{cog|sga|tarathar}}, {{cog|owl|tarater}}, {{cog|br|tarar}}.\\n- \\n## deal\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|del}}, {{m|enm|dele}}, from {{inh|en|ang|dǣl|t=part, share, portion}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*daili}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*dailiz|t=part, deal}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*dʰail-||part, watershed}}.\\n\\nCognate with {{cog|sco|dele||part, portion}}, {{cog|fy|diel||part, share}}, {{cog|nl|deel||part, share, portion}}, {{cog|de|Teil||part, portion, section}}, {{cog|da|del||part}}, [[wikipedia:Swedish_language|Swedish]] \\'\\'[[del#Swedish|del]]\\'\\' (\"part, portion, piece\") {{cog|is|deila||division, contention}}, {{cog|got|𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃||portion}}, {{cog|sl|del||part}}. Related to {{cog|ang|dāl||portion}}. More at [[dole]].\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|delen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|dǣlan|t=to divide, part}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*dailijan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*dailijaną|t=to divide, part, deal}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*dʰail-||part, watershed}}.\\n\\n{{rel-top|Cognates}}\\nCognate with {{cog|fy|diele||to divide, separate}}, {{cog|nl|delen}}, {{cog|de|teilen}}, {{cog|sv|dela}}; and with {{cog|lt|dalinti||divide}}, {{cog|ru|дели́ть}}. {{rel-bottom}}\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|dele|t=plank}}, from {{der|en|gml|dele}}, from {{der|en|osx|thili}}, ultimately from {{der|en|gem-pro|*þiljǭ|t=plank, board}}; cognate with {{cog|ang|þille}}. {{doublet|en|thill}}.\\n### Spanish\\n- From {{der|es|la|deus}}.\\n- {{ubor|es|en|deal}}.\\n## merchandise\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|marchaundise|t=commerce, trading; buying, purchasing; business transaction, bargain, deal; agreement; trade, vocation; merchandise, goods, wares; possessions, wealth; reward; ability or right to carry on business; market; communication between God and humans; sale of indulgences; simony; paid advocate or orator (?)}},<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=marchaundīse|pos=n|id=16587756}}</ref> from {{der|en|xno|marchaundise}} and {{der|en|fro|marcheandise}} (modern {{cog|fr|marchandise}}), from {{der|en|fro|marcheant|t=seller, vendor}} (ultimately from {{der|en|la|mercātus|t=buying and selling, trade, traffic; market; marketplace}}, possibly originally {{der|en|ett|-}}) + {{m|fro|-ise|pos=suffix forming {{glossary|feminine}} nouns, often denoting a quality or state}}. The English word is analysable as {{suffix|en|merchant|ise}}.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|marchaundisen|t=to engage in commerce, traffic}},<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=marchaundīsen|pos=v|id=MED26874}}</ref> from {{m|enm|marchaundise|pos=noun}} (see [[#Etymology 1|etymology 1]]) + {{m|enm|-en|pos=suffix forming the {{glossary|infinitive}} of {{glossary|verb}}s}}.<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=-en|pos=\\'\\'suf.\\'\\'(3)|noformat=1|id=MED13518}}</ref>\\n## head\\n### English\\n- {{root|en|ine-pro|*keh₂p-}}\\nFrom {{inh|en|enm|hed}}, {{m|enm|heed}}, {{m|enm|heved}}, {{m|enm|heaved}}, from {{inh|en|ang|hēafod|hēafd-, hēafod|head; top; source, origin; chief, leader; capital}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*haubud}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*haubudą||head}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*káput-}}. The modern word comes from Old English oblique stem \\'\\'hēafd-\\'\\', the expected Modern English outcome for \\'\\'hēafod\\'\\' would be \\'\\'*heaved\\'\\' (similar to the Middle English word). {{doublet|en|caput}}, {{m|en|cape}}, {{m|en|chef}} and {{m|en|chief}}.\\n\\n{{rel-top|cognates}}\\nCognate with {{cog|sco|heid}}, {{m|sco|hede}}, {{m|sco|hevid}}, {{m|sco|heved||head}}, {{cog|ang|hafola||head}}, {{cog|frr|hood||head}}, {{cog|nl|hoofd||head}}, {{cog|de|Haupt||head}}, {{cog|sv|huvud||head}}, {{cog|da|hoved||head}}, {{cog|is|höfuð||head}}, {{cog|la|caput||head}}, {{cog|sa|कपाल||skull}}, {{cog|hi|कपाल||skull}}.\\n{{rel-bottom}}\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|heed}}, from {{inh|en|ang|hēafod-||main}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*haubida-}}, derived from the noun {{m|gmw-pro|*haubid||head}}. Cognate with {{cog|stq|hööft-}}, {{cog|fy|haad-}}, {{cog|nl|hoofd-}}, {{cog|nds-de|höövd-}}, {{cog|de|haupt-}}.\\n## name\\n### English\\n- {{PIE word|en|h₁nómn̥}}\\nFrom {{inh|en|enm|name}}, {{m|enm|nome}}, from {{inh|en|ang|nama}}, {{m|ang|noma}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*namō}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*namô}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*h₁nómn̥}}.\\n\\nCognates include {{cog|stq|Noome}}, {{cog|fy|namme}}, {{cog|nl|naam}}, {{cog|de|Name}}, {{cog|da|navn}}, {{cog|sv|namn}}, {{cog|la|nōmen}} (whence {{cog|es|nombre}}), {{cog|ru|имя}}, {{cog|sa|नामन्}}. Possible cognates outside of Indo-European include {{cog|fi|nimi}} and {{cog|hu|név}}. {{doublet|en|nomen|noun}}.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|namen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|namian|t=to name, mention}} and {{m|ang|ġenamian|t=to name, call, appoint}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*namōn|t=to name}}. Compare also {{cog|ang|nemnan}}, {{m|ang|nemnian|t=to name, give a name to a person or thing}}.\\n- Borrowed from {{bor|en|es|ñame}}, substituting \\'\\'n\\'\\' for the unfamiliar Spanish letter \\'\\'ñ\\'\\'. {{doublet|en|yam}}.\\n### Middle Dutch\\n- {{dercat|dum|gmw-pro|gem-pro|inh=1}}\\nFrom {{inh|dum|odt|namo}}.\\n- From {{inh|dum|odt|*nāma}}, from {{inh|dum|gem-pro|*nēmō}}.\\n## f\\n### English\\n- [[File:Runic letter fehu.svg|40px|left|Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚠ, which was replaced by Latin ‘f’]] {{inh|en|ang|-}} lower case letter {{m|en|f}}, from 7th century replacement by Latin lower case {{m|la|f}} of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter {{m|mul|ᚠ|tr=f||fe}}.\\n- Abbreviations.\\n\\n{{en-preposition}}\\n# {{lb|en|stenoscript}} {{abbreviation of|en|for}}\\n# {{lb|en|stenoscript}} {{ng|prefix\\'\\' \\'\\'\\'{{m|en|for-}}\\'\\'\\'.}}\\n# {{lb|en|stenoscript}} {{ng|suffix/sequence\\'\\' \\'\\'\\'for(e)\\'\\'\\'.}}\\n### Finnish\\n- {{etymid|fi|letter}}\\n{{fi-ety-letter}}\\n- {{etymid|fi|note}}\\n[[w:Musical note#Note names and their history|German musical notation]].\\n### Scottish Gaelic\\n- \\n- \\n### Slovene\\n- From Gaj\\'s Latin alphabet {{m|sh|f}}, from {{der|sl|cs|-}} alphabet {{m|cs|f}}, which is a modification of upper case Latin letter {{m|mul|F}}, from Greek {{der|sl|grc|-}} letter {{m|grc|Ϝ||digamma}}, derived from the {{der|sl|phn|-}} letter {{m|phn|𐤅||waw}}, from the {{der|sl|egy|-}} hieroglyph {{m|egy|𓏲}}. Pronunciation as {{IPA|sl|/fə/}} is initial Slovene (phoneme plus a fill vowel) and the second pronunciation is probably taken from {{der|sl|de|f}}.\\n- From {{m|en|f}}, an abbreviation for {{m|en|fuck}}, from {{der|sl|enm|*fukken}}, probably from {{der|sl|gem-pro|*fukkōną#Etymology_2}}, from {{der|sl|ine-pro|*pewǵ-|t=to strike, punch, stab}}.\\n- A dialectal variant of {{l|sl|v}} made by analogy to {{l|sl|s}}/{{l|sl|z}} in dialects where [{{IPAlink|w}}] turned into [{{IPAlink|v}}] and got its devoiced part, [{{IPAlink|f}}].\\n## fa\\n### Catalan\\n- \\n- From the Catalan verb {{m|ca|fer|t=to [[do]]}}.\\n### Italian\\n- \\n- {{wikipedia|Fa (nota)|lang=it}}\\n### Middle English\\n- From the oblique stem of {{inh|enm|ang|ġefāh}}.\\n- From {{inh|enm|ang|fā}}, variant of {{m|ang|fāh}}.\\n### Sranan Tongo\\n- \\n- Short for a phrase such as {{m|srn|fa}} {{m|srn|fu}} {{m|srn|yu}}\\'\\'?\\'\\' or {{m|srn|fa}} {{m|srn|a}} {{m|srn|e}} {{m|srn|go}}\\'\\'?\\'\\'\\n### Yoruba\\n- \\n- \\n## fabella\\n### Latin\\n- From {{af|la|fābula|-lus|alt2=-la|pos2=diminutive suffix}}.\\n- {{suffix|la|faba|ellus|gloss1=bean}}. From its bean-like shape and size, in some animals.\\n{{attention|la|needs declension info or RFV\\'ing}}\\n## a-\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|a-|t=up, out, away}}, from {{inh|en|ang|ā-}}, originally {{m|ang|*ar-}}, {{m|ang|*or-}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*uʀ-}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*uz-|t=out-}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*uds-|t=up, out}}. Cognate with {{cog|osx|a-}}, {{cog|de|er-}}.\\n- * From {{inh|en|enm|a-|t=on}}, derived from unstressed {{inh|en|enm|an|t=on}}, from {{inh|en|ang|an|t=on}}\\n* See [[a]] {{qualifier|preposition|on, to, in, etc.}}\\n- {{etymid|en|ge}}\\nFrom {{inh|en|enm|a-}}, a variant form of {{m|enm|y-}}, from {{inh|en|ang|ġe-}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*ga-}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*ga-}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*ḱóm|t=with}}.\\n- From {{der|en|xno|a-}}, from {{der|en|fro|e-}}, from {{der|en|la|ex-}}.\\n- {{etymid|en|not-aka-without-aka-opposite}}\\nFrom {{der|en|grc|ἀ-}} ({{m|grc|ἀν-}} immediately followed by a vowel).\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|a-}}, from {{der|en|frm|a-}}, from {{der|en|la|ad|t=towards}}.\\n- From {{der|en|la|ab|t=of, off, from, away}}.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|a-}}, {{m|enm|o-|t=of}}. See [[a]] {{qualifier|preposition|of}}.\\n- \\n- \\n### Catalan\\n- {{bor+|ca|grc|ἀ-}}.\\n- From {{der|ca|la|ad|t=towards}}.\\n### French\\n- {{inh+|fr|fro|a-}}, from {{inh|fr|la|ad-}}.\\n- From {{der|fr|grc|ἀ-}} ({{m|grc|ἀν-}} immediately preceding a vowel; generalized from the many Latin borrowings using this prefix.\\n### Galician\\n- From {{inh|gl|roa-opt|a-}}, from {{inh|gl|la|ad-}}.\\n- {{bor+|gl|grc|ἀ-}}, from {{der|gl|ine-pro|*n̥-}}.\\n### Irish\\n- From {{bor|ga|grc|ἀ-}} ({{m|grc|ἀν-}} immediately followed by a vowel).\\n- \\n### Italian\\n- {{inh+|it|la|ad-}}.\\n- {{bor+|it|grc|ἀ-}}.\\n### Latin\\n- \\n- From {{m|la|ad|t=towards}}.\\n### Northern Ndebele\\n- From {{inh|nd|bnt-pro|*gá-}}.\\n- From {{inh|nd|bnt-pro|*gáá-}}.\\n- {{rfe|nd}}\\n### Norwegian Bokmål\\n- From the first letter of the Norwegian alphabet {{m|nb|a}}, from {{der|nb|la|a}}, from {{der|nb|grc|Α|t=alpha}}, likely through the {{der|nb|ett|-}} language, from {{der|nb|phn|𐤀}}, from Proto-Canaanite [[Image:Protoalef.svg|20px]], from Proto-Sinaitic [[Image:Proto-semiticA-01.svg|20px]], from {{der|nb|egy|𓃾}}.\\n- From {{der|nb|grc|ἀ-||not, without}}, from {{der|nb|grk-pro|*ə-||un-, not; without, lacking}}, from {{der|nb|ine-pro|*n̥-||not, un-}}. {{doublet|nb|u-}}.\\n\\nCompare {{l|nb|an-}} ({{m|grc|ἀν-}} immediately preceding a vowel).\\n- {{clipping|nb|atom-}}, from the noun {{m|nb|atom||atom}}, from {{der|nb|grc|ἄτομος||indivisible, uncut, undivided}}, whereas atombombe is a calque of {{der|nb|en|atomic bomb}}.\\n### Old Javanese\\n- {{rfe|kaw}}\\n- {{bor+|kaw|sa|अ-|t=[[un-]], [[not]]}}\\n### Portuguese\\n- From {{inh|pt|roa-opt|a-}}, from {{inh|pt|la|ad-}}.\\n- {{bor+|pt|grc|ἀ-}}, from {{der|pt|ine-pro|*n̥-}}.\\n### Scots\\n- From {{inh|sco|enm|a-|t=on}}, derived from unstressed {{inh|sco|enm|an|t=on}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|an|t=on}}.\\n- From {{inh|sco|enm|a-}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|of-|t=off}}.\\n- From {{bor|sco|non|at-|t=to}}.\\n- From {{inh|sco|enm|a-|t=up, out, away}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|ā-}}, originally {{m|ang|*ar-}}, {{m|ang|*or-}}, from {{inh|sco|gem-pro|*uz-|t=out-}}.\\n- From {{inh|sco|enm|and-}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|and-|t=against, back}}, from {{inh|sco|gem-pro|*andi-|t=across, opposite, against, away}}.\\n- From {{inh|sco|enm|a-}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|ane|t=one}}.\\n- From ah!\\n- From {{inh|sco|enm|a-}}, from {{der|sco|frm|a-}}, from {{der|sco|la|ad|t=towards}}.\\n- From {{der|sco|la|ab|t=of, off, from, away}}.\\n### Southern Ndebele\\n- From {{inh|nr|bnt-pro|*gá-}}.\\n- From {{inh|nr|bnt-pro|*gáá-}}.\\n- {{rfe|nr}}\\n### Spanish\\n- {{inh+|es|la|ad-}}.\\n- From {{der|es|grc|ἀ-}} ({{m|grc|ἀν-}} immediately preceding a vowel; generalized from the many Latin borrowings using this prefix.\\n### Swahili\\n- From {{inh|sw|bnt-pro|*à-}}.\\n- \\n### Swazi\\n- From {{inh|ss|bnt-pro|*à-}}.\\n- From {{inh|ss|bnt-pro|*gá-}}.\\n- From {{inh|ss|bnt-pro|*gáá-}}.\\n### Xhosa\\n- From {{inh|xh|bnt-pro|*gá-}}.\\n- From {{inh|xh|bnt-pro|*gáá-}}.\\n- {{rfe|xh}}\\n- From {{inh|xh|bnt-pro|*nkà-}}.\\n### Zulu\\n- From {{inh|zu|bnt-pro|*à-}}.\\n- From {{inh|zu|bnt-pro|*gá-}}.\\n- From {{inh|zu|bnt-pro|*gáá-}}.\\n- Originally a reduced form of {{m|zu|la-|t=general demonstrative}}. Compare Swazi relative forms such as {{m|ss|lesi-}}, which still keep the initial \\'\\'l-\\'\\'.\\n- From {{affix|zu|a-|t1=relative|a-|t2=class 6}}.\\n- From {{inh|zu|bnt-pro|*nkà-}}.\\n- \\n## aam\\n### Yola\\n- From {{inh|yol|enm|hem|am|t=them}}, from {{inh|yol|ang|heom||them}}, dative of {{m|ang|hie}}. Cognate with {{cog|en|\\'em}}.\\n- From {{inh|yol|enm|am}}, from {{inh|yol|ang|eam}}, {{m|ang|eom||am}}.\\n## ab-\\n### English\\n- From {{bor|en|la|ab-}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*h₂epo||off, away}} ({{cog|en|off}}, {{m|en|of}}).<ref>{{R:CDOE|page=1}}\\n</ref> See {{cog|ine-pro|*apo-}}. {{doublet|en|apo-|off-}}.\\n- Abbreviation of {{m|en|absolute}}.\\n## ab\\n### English\\n- [[File:Rectus abdominis.png|thumb|upright|Abs]]\\nAbbreviation of {{m|en|abdominal}} {{m|en|muscles}}.\\n- Abbreviation of {{m|en|abscess}}.\\n- Abbreviations.\\n- From the spelling books and the fact that it was the first of the letter combinations.<ref name=DOA>Mathews, Mitford M, ed. A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles. 1st. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956.</ref>\\n### Danish\\n- From {{der|da|la|ab||of, from}}.\\n- See {{m|da|abe||to ape, mimic}}.\\n### German\\n- From {{inh|de|gmh|[[abe]], [[ab]]}}, from {{der|de|goh|ab}}, from {{der|de|gmw-pro|*ab}}, from {{der|de|gem-pro|*ab}}.\\n- From adverbial use of the preposition in verbs such as [[abschlagen]], [[abgehen]] etc.\\n### Irish\\n- From {{der|ga|la|abbas|t=father}}, from {{der|ga|grc|ἀββᾶς}}, from {{der|ga|arc|אַבָּא|t=father|tr=’abbā}}.\\n- Contraction of the relative particle {{m|ga|a}} and the prevocalic variant of the past/conditional copula particle {{m|ga|b’}}.\\n### Norwegian Bokmål\\n- From {{der|nb|de|ab||from}}, from {{der|nb|gmh|ab}}, from {{der|nb|goh|ab||of}}, from {{der|nb|gem-pro|*ab||away, away from}}, from {{der|nb|ine-pro|*h₂epó||off, away}}.\\n- From {{der|nb|la|ab||from, away from, on, in}}, from {{der|nb|itc-pro|*ab}}, from {{der|nb|ine-pro|*h₂epó||off, away}}.\\n- Abbreviation of {{m|nb|avbetaling||installment}}, verbal noun form of {{m|nb|avbetale||to pay off}}, a compound of {{compound|nb|av|betale}}, first part {{m|nb|av||of, from, by, off}}, from {{inh|nb|non|af||of, from, off, by}}, from {{inh|nb|gem-pro|*ab||away from}}, from {{inh|nb|ine-pro|*h₂epó||off, away}} + second part {{m|nb|betale||pay, purchase}}, from {{der|nb|gml|betalen||of, from, off, by}}, last part is the suffix {{m|nb|-ing||-ing}}, from {{inh|nb|non|-ingr|g=m}}, {{m|non|-ingi|g=m}}, {{m|non|-ing|g=f}}, from {{inh|nb|gem-pro|*-ingō}}, {{m|gem-pro|*-ungō}}.\\n## aback\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|abak}}, from {{inh|en|ang|onbæc}}, equivalent to {{prefix|en|a|gloss1=towards|back}}. Compare {{cog|fy|tebek||aback|pos=adverb|lit=to/at back}}, {{cog|sv|tillbaka}} {{gloss|idem.}}.\\n- From {{bor|en|la|abacus}}.\\n## abalienate\\n### Italian\\n- \\n- \\n## abandon\\n### English\\n- {{root|en|ine-pro|*bʰeh₂-|id=speak}}\\n* From {{inh|en|enm|abandounen}}, from {{der|en|fro|abandoner}}, formed from {{m|fro|à|a|t=at, to}} + {{m|fro|bandon|t=jurisdiction, control}},<ref name=SOED>{{R:SOED5|page=2}}</ref> from {{der|en|LL.|bannum|t=proclamation}}, {{m|la|bannus}},<ref name=OCD>{{R:OCD2|page=1}}</ref> {{m|la|bandum}}, from {{der|en|frk|*ban}}, {{m|gmw-pro|*bann}}, from {{der|en|gem-pro|*bannaną|t=to proclaim, command}} (compare {{cog|en|ban}}), from {{der|en|ine-pro|*bʰeh₂-||to speak}}. See also {{m|en|ban}}, {{m|en|banal}}.\\n* Displaced {{noncog|enm|forleten|t=to abandon}}, from {{noncog|ang|forlǣtan}}, {{m|ang|anforlǣtan}}; see {{m|en|forlet}}; and {{noncog|enm|forleven|t=to leave behind, abandon}}, from {{noncog|ang|forlǣfan}}; see {{m|en|forleave}}.\\n- * From {{bor|en|fr|-}}, from {{der|en|fro|abandon}}, from {{der|en|fro|abondonner}}.\\n## abate\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|abaten}}, from {{der|en|xno|abatre}}, from {{der|en|LL.|abbatto|abbattere}}, from {{der|en|la|batto|battere}}.\\n{{rel-top|detailed etymology, sense derivation, and cognates}}\\n{{root|en|ine-pro|*bʰedʰ-}}\\nThe {{glossary|verb}} is derived from {{inh|en|enm|abaten|t=to demolish, knock down; to defeat, strike down; to strike or take down (a sail); to throw down; to bow dejectedly or submissively; to be dejected; to stop; to defeat, humiliate; to repeal (a law); to dismiss or quash (a lawsuit); to lessen, reduce; to injure, impair; to appease; to decline, grow less; to deduct, subtract; to make one’s way; attack (an enemy); (\\'\\'law\\'\\') to enter or intrude upon (someone’s property); of a hawk: to beat or flap the wings}}{{nb...|abate, abatie, abatien, abatye, abbate|otherforms=1}},<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=abāten, -i(en|pos=v|id=MED36}}</ref> from {{der|en|xno|abater}}, {{m|xno|abatier}}, {{m|xno|abatre}}, {{m|xno|abbatre}}, {{der|en|frm|abattre}}, {{m|frm|abatre}}, {{m|frm|abattre}}, {{der|en|fro|abatre}}, {{m|fro|abattre|t=to demolish, knock down; to bring down, cut down; to lessen, reduce; to suppress; to stop; to discourage; to impoverish, ruin; to conquer; to overthrow; to kill; to remove (money) from circulation; (\\'\\'law\\'\\') to annul}}, from {{der|en|LL.|abbatto|abbattere|t=to bring down, take down; to suppress; to debase (currency)}}, from {{der|en|la|ab-|pos={{glossary|prefix}} meaning ‘away; from; away from’}} + {{der|en|la|batto|battere}}, from older {{m|la|battuo|battuere|t=to beat, hit; to beat up; to fight}}, ultimately from {{der|en|ine-pro|*bʰedʰ-|t=to dig; to stab}}).<ref>{{R:OED Online|pos=\\'\\'v.\\'\\'{{sup|1}}|noformat=1|id=122|date=June 2021|nodot=1}}; {{R:Lexico|pos=v}}</ref>\\n{{rel-bottom}}\\nThe {{glossary|noun}} is derived from the verb.<ref>{{R:OED Online|entry=† abate|pos=n|id=121|date=December 2020}}</ref>\\n- From {{der|en|xno|abatre}}, probably an alteration of {{der|en|xno|-}} and {{der|en|frm|embatre}}, {{m|frm|enbatre|t=to drive or rush into; to enter into a tenement without permission}} (compare {{cog|LL.|abatare}}), from {{der|en|frm|-}}, {{der|en|fro|em-}}, {{m|fro|en-|pos={{glossary|prefix}} meaning ‘in, into’}} + {{der|en|frm|-}}, {{der|en|fro|batre|t=to beat, hit, strike}} (from {{der|en|la|battere}}, {{m|la|battuere}}, the {{glossary|present}} {{glossary|active}} {{glossary|infinitive}} of {{m|la|battuō|t=to beat, hit; to beat up; to fight}}; see further at [[#Etymology 1|etymology 1]]). The English word was probably also influenced by the {{glossary|verb}} \\'\\'abate\\'\\'.<ref>{{R:OED Online|pos=\\'\\'v.\\'\\'{{sup|2}}|noformat=1|id=123|date=December 2020}}</ref>\\n- Borrowed from {{bor|en|it|abate|t=abbot}}, from {{der|en|la|abbātem}}, the {{glossary|accusative}} {{glossary|singular}} of {{m|la|abbās|t=abbot}}, from {{der|en|grc|ἀββᾶς}}, a variant of {{m|grc|ἀββᾱ|t=father; title of respect for an abbot}}, from {{der|en|arc|אַבָּא|tr=’abbā|t=father; ancestor; teacher; chief, leader; author, originator}}, from {{der|en|sem-pro|*ʔabw-|t=father}}, ultimately {{glossary|imitative}} of a child’s word for “father”. The English word is a {{doublet|en|abbot|nocap=1}}.<ref>Compare {{R:SOED5|page=2}}</ref>\\n### Indonesian\\n- A [[genericized trademark]] of a {{w|lang=en|BASF}} trademark.\\n- From {{bor|id|sws}}.\\n### Portuguese\\n- {{deverbal|pt|abater}}.\\n- \\n### Romanian\\n- {{inh+|ro|LL.|abbattō|abbattere}}, from {{inh|ro|la|battō|battere}}.\\n- {{bor+|ro|it|abate}}, from {{der|ro|la|abbas|abbās, abbātis}}, from {{der|ro|grc|ἀββᾶς}}, from {{der|ro|arc|אבא||father|tr=’abbā}}.\\n### Spanish\\n- From {{bor|es|it|abate}}. {{doublet|es|abad}}.\\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n## abator\\n### English\\n- From {{af|en|abate|-or|id2=agent noun|t1=to enter without right after the owner dies and before the heir takes over}}.<ref name=WID>{{R:MW3 1976}}</ref> From {{der|en|xno|-}}.\\n- From {{af|en|abate|-or|id2=agent noun|t1=do away with}}.<ref name=WID/> From {{inh|en|enm|-}}, from {{der|en|fro|-}}.\\n## abay\\n### Bikol Central\\n- {{inh+|bcl|poz-pro|*abay}}.\\n- \\n## abba\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|-}}, from {{der|en|la|-}}, from {{der|en|grc|-}}, from {{der|en|arc|sc=Hebr|אבא}}/{{m|arc|sc=Syrc|ܐܒܐ|tr=ʼabbāʼ||father}}; see {{m|en|abbot}}.\\n- Variant forms.\\n## abbreviate\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|abbreviaten}}, from {{der|en|la|abbreviātus}}, perfect passive participle of {{m|la|abbreviō||to shorten}}, formed from {{m|la|ad}} + {{m|la|breviō||shorten}}, from {{m|la|brevis||short}}. Alternatively, a {{back-form|en|abbreviation|nocap=1}}.<ref>{{R:CDOE|page=2}}</ref> {{doublet|en|abridge}}.\\n- From {{der|en|LL.|abbreviātus}}, perfect passive participle of {{m|la|abbreviō||abbreviate}}.\\n## abdicative\\n### English\\n- {{suffix|en|abdicate|ive}}\\n- From {{der|en|la|abdicativus}}.\\n### Latin\\n- From {{affix|la|abdicatīvus|-ē|gloss1=negative}}.\\n- \\n## abductor\\n### English\\n- {{suffix|en|abduct|or}}\\n- From {{bor|en|ML.|abductor}}, from {{m|la|abdūcō}} + {{m|la|-tor}}.\\n## abeam\\n### English\\n- {{prefix|en|a|beam|t1=in the direction of|t2=keel}}\\n- {{prefix|en|a|beam|t2=to emit beams of light}}\\n## abecedary\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|abscedary}}, from {{der|en|ML.|abecedārium||alphabet, ABC primer}}, from {{der|en|LL.|abecedārius||of the alphabet}}, formed from the first four letters of the Latin alphabet + {{m|la|-ārius|}}.<ref name=SOED>{{R:SOED5|page=3}}</ref>\\n- From {{bor|en|LL.|abecedārius}}.<ref name=\"OED Online\">{{R:OED Online|pos=\\'\\'adj.\\'\\' and \\'\\'n.\\'\\'<sup>2</sup>|noformat=1|id=2802124531}}</ref>\\n## aberrant\\n### Catalan\\n- From {{der|ca|la|aberrāns|aberrantem}}, present active participle of {{m|la|aberrō||go astray; err}}.\\n- \\n## aberrate\\n### Italian\\n- \\n- \\n## abide\\n### Turkish\\n- From {{inh|tr|ota|آبده}}, from {{der|tr|ar|آبِدة}}, from {{m|ar|آبِد}}, active participle of {{m|ar|أَبَدَ}}.\\nThe sense of {{m|en|monument}} first attested around 1908 with respect to the {{w|Monument of Liberty, Istanbul|Monument of Liberty (\\'\\'Âbide-i Hürriyet\\'\\')}} then under construction in Istanbul.\\n{{root|tr|ar|ء ب د}}\\n- \\n## abiding\\n### English\\n- [[present participle|Present participle]] or [[participial adjective]] from {{affix|en|abide|pos1=verb|-ing}}; or, from {{inh|en|enm|-}} participle form of {{m|enm|abiden}}, {{m|enm|abyden||to abide}}.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|abydynge}}, {{m|enm|abidynge}}, {{m|enm|abidinge|-inge}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[verbal noun]] of {{m|enm|abiden}}, {{m|enm|abyden||to abide}}<nowiki>]</nowiki>,<ref>{{R:MED Online|abīding|ger|MED90|16 December 2019|date=2018}}</ref> from {{inh|en|ang|abīdung}}<ref>{{cite-book|en|first1=Francis Henry|last1=Stratmann|first2=Henry|last2=Bradley|title=A Middle-English Dictionary Containing Words Used by English Writers from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century|edition=new|city=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1891|entry=abīding, sb.|page=2|pageurl=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044100038934?urlappend=%3Bseq=30}}</ref>; or, verbal noun from {{affix|en|abide|pos1=verb|-ing}}.\\n## abject\\n### English\\n- {{PIE word|en|h₂epó}}{{root|en|ine-pro|*(H)yeh₁-}}\\nThe {{glossary|adjective}} is derived from Late {{inh|en|enm|abiect}}, {{m|enm|abject|t=expelled, outcast, rejected, wretched|pos=adjective}}{{nb...|abiecte, abjecte, obiect|otherforms=1}},<ref>{{R:MED Online|pos=ppl|id=MED104}}</ref> from {{der|en|frm|abject|t=worthy of utmost contempt or disgust, despicable, vile; of a person: brought low, cast down; of low social position}} (modern {{cog|fr|abject}}, {{m|fr|abjet}} {{qualifier|obsolete}}), and from its {{glossary|etymon}} {{der|en|la|abiectus|t=abandoned; cast or thrown aside; dejected, downcast; ordinary, undistinguished, unimportant; (\\'\\'by extension\\'\\') base, sordid; despicable, vile; humble, low; subservient}}, an adjective use of the {{glossary|perfect}} {{glossary|passive}} {{glossary|participle}} of {{m|la|abiciō|t=to discard, throw away or down; to cast or push away or aside; to abandon, give up; to belittle, degrade, humble; to lower, reduce; to overthrow, vanquish; to undervalue; to waste}}, from {{m|la|ab-|pos={{glossary|prefix}} meaning ‘away; away from; from’}} + {{m|la|iaciō|t=to cast, hurl, throw, throw away}} (ultimately from {{der|en|ine-pro|*(H)yeh₁-|t=to throw}}).<ref name=\"OED\">{{R:OED Online|pos=adj.\\'\\' and \\'\\'n|id=335|date=December 2021|nodot=1}}</ref><ref>{{R:Lexico|pos=adj}}</ref>\\n\\nThe {{glossary|noun}} is derived from the adjective.<ref name=\"OED\"/>\\n\\n{{rel-top|cognates}}\\n* {{cog|it|abiecto}} {{qualifier|obsolete}}, {{m|it|abietto}}\\n* {{cog|LL.|abiectus|t=humble or poor person|pos=noun}}\\n* {{cog|es|abjecto}} {{qualifier|obsolete}}, {{m|es|abyecto}}\\n{{rel-bottom}}\\n- From Late {{inh|en|enm|abjecten|t=to cast out, expel}}{{nb...|abiect, abiecte|otherforms=1}},<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=abjecten|pos=v|id=MED105}}</ref> from {{m|enm|abiect}}, {{m|enm|abject|pos=adjective}} (see [[#Etymology 1|etymology 1]]).<ref name=\"OED v\">Compare {{R:OED Online|pos=v|id=336|date=December 2021}}</ref>\\n\\nSense 3 (“of a fungus: to give off (spores or sporidia)”) is modelled after {{noncog|de|abschleudern|t=to give off forcefully}}.<ref name=\"OED v\"/>\\n## able\\n### English\\n- {{root|en|ine-pro|*gʰeh₁bʰ-}}\\nFrom {{inh|en|enm|able}}, from {{der|en|fro-nor|able}}, variant of {{der|en|fro|abile}}, {{m|fro|habile}}, from {{der|en|la|habilis|t=easily managed, held, or handled; apt; skillful}}, from {{affix|la|habeō|t1=have, possess|-ibilis|nocat=1}}.\\n\\nBroadly ousted the native {{noncog|ang|magan}}.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|ablen}}, from {{der|en|enm|able}} (adjective).<ref>{{R:MW3 1976|page=4}}</ref>\\n- From the first letter of the word. Suggested in the 1916 \\'\\'United States Army Signal Book\\'\\' to distinguish the letter when communicating via telephone,<ref>{{cite-book|1916|United States Army|Signal Book|https://archive.org/details/SignalBook1916/page/n35|33|section=Conventional telephone signals}}</ref> and later adopted in other radio and telephone signal standards.\\n### Scots\\n- From {{inh|sco|enm|able}}, from {{der|sco|fro|able}}, {{m|fro|habile}}, from {{der|sco|la|habilis}}.\\n- \\n## abode\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|abod}}, {{m|ang|abad}}, from {{inh|en|ang|*ābād}}, related to {{m|ang|ābīdan||to abide}}; see {{m|en|abide}}. Cognate with {{cog|sco|abade}}, {{m|sco|abaid||abode}}. For the change of nouns, compare {{m|en|abode|id=verb}}, preterite of {{m|en|abide}}.\\n- From an alteration (with {{m|en|bode}}) of {{inh|en|enm|abeden||to announce}}, from {{inh|en|ang|ābēodan||to command, proclaim}}, from {{m|ang|a-}} + {{m|ang|bēodan||to command, proclaim}}. Superficial analysis is {{prefix|en|a|bode|t2=presage, portend, announce}}.\\n## abominate\\n### Italian\\n- \\n- \\n## abord\\n### English\\n- From {{der|en|fr|abord}}, from {{m|fr|aborder||to [[aboard]]}}.\\n- Alternative forms.\\n## abort\\n### English\\n- {{root|en|ine-pro|*h₃er-}}\\nFrom {{der|en|enm|-}}, from {{der|en|la|abortus}}, perfect active participle of {{m|la|aborior||miscarry}}, formed from {{m|la|ab}} + {{m|la|orior||come into being}}. {{doublet|en|abortus}}.\\n- From {{der|en|la|abortare}}, from {{m|la|abortus}}, from {{m|la|aboriri||miscarry}}, from {{m|la|ab-||not}} + {{m|la|oriri||come into being, arise, appear}}.\\n## abrade\\n### English\\n- From {{uder|en|la|abrādō||scrape off}}, from {{m|la|ab||from, away from}} + {{m|la|rādō||scrape}}. First attested in 1677.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|abraiden}}. See {{m|en|abraid}}.\\n## abraid\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|abraiden}}, {{m|enm|abreiden|t=to start up, awake, move, reproach}}, from {{inh|en|ang|ābreġdan|t=to move quickly, vibrate, draw, draw from, remove, unsheath, wrench, pull out, withdraw, take away, draw back, free from, draw up, raise, lift up, start up}}, from {{der|en|gem-pro|*uz-|t=out}} + {{m|gem-pro|*bregdaną|t=to move, swing}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*bʰrēḱ-}}, {{m|ine-pro|*bʰrēǵ-|t=to shine}}, equivalent to {{prefix|en|a|braid}}. Related to {{cog|nl|breien|t=to knit}}, {{cog|de|bretten|t=to knit}}.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|abrede}}. More at {{l|en|abread}}.\\n### Scots\\n- Nonce corruption from {{inh|sco|enm|upbreiden}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|upbreġdan}}.\\n- \\n## abrase\\n### Italian\\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n## abrogate\\n### Italian\\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n## absciss\\n### English\\n- From {{uder|en|la|abscissa}}, feminine of {{m|la|abscissus}}, perfect passive participle of {{m|la|abscindō||cut asunder}}.\\n- {{back-form|en|abscission}}.\\n## abscissa\\n### Latin\\n- From {{m|la|abscissus}}, perfect passive participle of {{m|la|abscindō||tear away}}.\\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n## 馬\\n### Japanese\\n- <div style=\"float:right;\">\\n{{wikipedia|lang=ja}}\\n{{wikipedia|Horse}}\\n[[File:Nokota Horses cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|{{lang|ja|馬}} (\\'\\'uma\\'\\', \\'\\'muma\\'\\'): a pair of \\'\\'\\'[[horse]]s\\'\\'\\'.]]\\n</div>\\n{{ja-kanjitab|うま|yomi=k}}\\n\\nFrom {{inh|ja|ojp|-|sort=うま}},<ref name=\"KDJ\">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref> from {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*Cma|sort=うま}}. Recorded in the \\'\\'{{w|Nihon Shoki}}\\'\\' of 720 {{CE}} as having been brought over from the Korean peninsula kingdom of [[w:Baekje|Baekje]], with the earlier reading of \\'\\'ma\\'\\'.<ref name=\"GYJ\">[https://gogen-yurai.jp/uma/ ウマ／馬／うま - Gogen Yurai Jiten] (in Japanese)</ref> The initial \\'\\'m\\'\\' sound was apparently emphasized,<ref name=\"KDJ\"/><ref name=\"DJR\"/><ref name=\"GYJ\"/> possibly similar to \\'\\'*mma\\'\\', becoming then \\'\\'uma\\'\\' or \\'\\'muma\\'\\', via processes also seen in the word {{m|ja|梅|tr=ume, mume|t=plum}}. However, Pellard simply reconstructs {{cog|jpx-pro|*uma}} and treats the mentioned processes as secondary.<ref>{{cite-journal|last=Pellard|first=Thomas|title=Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01289288/file/Pellard_2013_Ryukyuan_perspectives_on_the_proto-Japonic_vowel_system.pdf|editors=Frellesvig, Bjarke; Sells, Peter|journal=Japanese/Korean Linguistics|issue=20|publisher=CSLI Publications|year=2013|page=85|isbn=978-1-57586-638-3}}</ref>\\n\\nThe \\'\\'ma\\'\\' sound denoting \"horse\" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, which has led some to speculate about a possible cognate root (but no consensus on any kind of relation exists). Compare {{ncog|mnc|ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ|t=horse}}, {{ncog|mn|морь|t=horse}}, {{ncog|ko|말|t=horse}}, {{ncog|cmn|馬|tr=mǎ|t=horse}}, and {{ncog|ine-pro|*márkos|t=horse}} and descendants such as {{ncog|ga|marc|t=horse|pos=archaic}} or {{ncog|en|mare|t=female horse}}. More at {{m|ine-pro|*márkos}}.<ref name=\"GYJ\"/>\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|むま|yomi=k}}\\n\\nShift from \\'\\'uma\\'\\' form, becoming more common starting from the [[w:Heian period|Heian Period]].<ref name=\"KDJ\"/> This change later reverted, and \\'\\'muma\\'\\' is now considered obsolete.\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|んま|yomi=irr}}\\nPossibly from preform \\'\\'*Nma\\'\\', ultimately from {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*Cma|sort=んま}}.\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|んーま|yomi=irr}}\\nPossibly from preform \\'\\'*MCma\\'\\', ultimately from {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*Cma|sort=んま}}.\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|ば|yomi=kanon}}\\n\\nFrom {{der|ja|ltc|sort=は\\'|-}} {{ltc-l|馬}}. The {{m|ja|漢音|tr=[[kan\\'on]]}}, so a later borrowing. Compare {{cog|nan|馬|tr=bé, bée, má}} where some of the readings show a shift from initial nasal {{IPAchar|/m-/}} to voiced plosive {{IPAchar|/b-/}}.\\n### Vietnamese\\n- \\n- \\n- \\n- \\n- \\n- \\n## 国\\n### Japanese\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|くに|yomi=k|alt=邦:uncommon}}\\n\\nFrom {{inh|ja|ojp|sort=くに|-}}, from {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*konuy|sort=くに}}. Appears in the \\'\\'{{w|Kojiki}}\\'\\' of 712,<ref>{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|国・邦}}</ref> the \\'\\'{{w|Nihon Shoki}}\\'\\' completed in 720, and the \\'\\'{{w|Man\\'yōshū}}\\'\\' completed some time after 759.<ref name=\"KDJ\">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref> Perhaps related to {{cog|ltc|-}} {{ltc-l|郡|geographic region: [[commandery]], [[prefecture]]}}.\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=o|こく}}\\n\\nFrom {{der|ja|ltc|sort=こく|-}} {{ltc-l|國|country, nation}}.\\n## 数\\n### Japanese\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|かず|yomi=k}}\\n\\n{{rfe|ja|From {{inh|ja|ojp|-}}}}\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|すう|yomi=kanyoon}}\\n\\nFrom {{der|ja|ltc|sort=すう|-}} {{ltc-l|數|id=1+2}}.\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|しばしば|yomi=k}}\\n{{ja-see|しばしば}}\\n## 西\\n### Chinese\\n- {{zh-forms|alt=㢴,卤}}\\nThe word is traditionally reconstructed to have a {{IPAchar|/*s/}}-initial in Old Chinese, e.g. {{IPAchar|/*sɯːl/}} in {{zh-ref|Zhengzhang (2003)}}. However, recent scholarship has suggested that the Old Chinese initial should instead be reconstructed as {{IPAchar|/*s-nˤ/}}, one of the reasons being {{zh-l|*西}} appears to be the phonetic in {{zh-l|迺|nǎi}}, the archaic graphic variant of {{och-l|乃}}. The new reconstruction, {{IPAchar|/*s-nˤər/}} in {{zh-ref|Baxter and Sagart (2014)}}, also accounts for how {{zh-l|*西}} can be the phonetic in {{zh-l|哂|to smile}}. For more information, see {{zh-ref|Sagart (2004)}}, {{zh-ref|Baxter and Sagart (2014)}} and {{zh-ref|Nohara (2018)}}.\\n\\nIn light of the new construction with the initial consonant cluster {{IPAchar|/*s-nˤ/}}, the possibilities of the etymology of {{lang|zh|西}}, aside from being cognate with {{zh-l|棲|to roost; to rest}} (B-S OC {{IPAchar|/*s-nˤər/}}), include:\\n\\n* Related to {{cog|bo|ནེར་བ||to sink; to fall gradually}} ({{zh-ref|Unger, 1990}}).\\n* Related to {{cog|cdm|नेलःसा|tr=nelʔ‑|t=to go down; to sink}}, which may be the same etymon as the Written Tibetan word above ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}}).\\n* Related to the root {{zh-l|尼|nǐ|to stop}} (OC {{IPAchar|/*nˤərʔ/}} for intransitive form, {{IPAchar|/*nˤərʔ-s/}} for transitive form in {{zh-ref|Baxter and Sagart (2014)}}).\\n* Related to {{cog|bo|མནལ||sleep}} and {{cog|my|နား||to rest; to stop for a while}} ({{zh-ref|Hill, 2019}}).\\n* An Austroasiatic nominal n-infix derivative from the root \"go down\", as in {{cog|omx|cnis||ghat}} < {{cog|omx|cis||to go down}} , with Proto-Austroasiatic {{IPAfont|*tsn-}} > Proto-Sinitic {{IPAfont|*sn-}}. Therefore, this etymon literally means \"the place where one goes down to > Mon \"ghat\" > OC \"nest, west\". The base form is {{och-l|濟|id=2}} via Austroasiatic ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}}).\\n- {{zh-forms|alt=篩}}\\n{{rfe|zh|From English [[side]]?}}\\n### Japanese\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|にし|yomi=k}}\\n\\nOriginally a compound of {{compound|ja|sort=にし|去に|tr1=ini|t1=[[going away]]|pos1=the {{ja-etym-renyokei|nodot=1|去ぬ|いぬ|to [[go away]]}}|し|tr2=shi|t2=[[wind]]; {{q|by extension}} [[direction]]|pos2=as seen in other ancient-derived words as {{m|ja|嵐|tr=arashi||[[storm]]|lit=wild + wind}}, {{m|ja|旋風|tr=tsumuji||[[whirlwind]]}}, {{m|ja|東|tr=higashi||[[east]]|pos=from older \\'\\'pi muka si\\'\\', literally “sun + facing + wind/direction”}}}}.<ref name=\"KDJ2\">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2}}</ref>\\n\\nFirst cited in the \\'\\'{{w|Kojiki}}\\'\\' of 712, with the phonetic spelling {{m|ja||爾斯|tr=nisi}}.<ref name=\"KDJ2\"/>\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|しゃー|yomi=irr|sort=しやあ}}\\nPossibly a corruption of {{bor|ja|cmn|sort=しやあ|西|tr=xī||[[west]]}}.\\n## 車\\n### Japanese\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=o|しゃ}}\\n\\nFrom {{der|ja|ltc|-}} {{ltc-l|車|id=2}}.\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|くるま|yomi=k}}\\n\\nFrom {{inh|ja|ojp|sort=くるま|-}}. Appears in the \\'\\'{{w|Man\\'yōshū}}\\'\\' completed some time after 759 {{CE}}, with the ideographic spelling {{lang|ja|車}}.<ref>{{RQ:Manyoshu|4|694}}, text [http://jti.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/manyoshu/Man4Yos.html#694 here]</ref>\\n\\nAssuming an initial meaning of {{m|en|wheel}}, may be a compound of {{compound|ja|sort=くるま|くる|tr1=kuru|pos1=related to spinning or rotating, as in {{m|ja|繰る|tr=kuru||to spin (as in thread)}}, {{m|ja|枢|tr=kuru||hinge}}, {{m|ja|くるくる|tr=kurukuru||spinningly, round and round}}, {{m|ja|転めく|tr=kurumeku||to spin round and round, to rotate; to be dizzy}}|ま|tr2=ma|pos2=a suffix added to various parts of speech to form an indeclinable word indicating state}}.\\n### Korean\\n- From {{der|ko|ltc|sort=차|-}} {{ltc-l|車|id=2}}.\\n{{hanja-ety\\n|dk={{okm-inline|챵|chyà}}\\n|m={{okm-inline|챠|chyà}}\\n|mh={{lang|zh|又音}}\\n|ml=車輿#중26A\\n|jh={{m|ko|챠}}\\n|jhh={{m|ko|[[수레|수뤼]]}}\\n}}\\n- From {{der|ko|ltc|sort=거|-}} {{ltc-l|車|id=1}}.\\n{{hanja-ety\\n|dk={{okm-inline|겅|kè}}\\n|m={{okm-inline|거|kè}}\\n|mh={{okm-inline|술위〮|swùlGwúy}}\\n|ml=車輿#중26A\\n|jh={{m|ko|거}}\\n|jhh={{m|ko|[[수레|수뤼]]}}\\n}}\\n## on\\n### English\\n- {{root|en|ine-pro|*h₂en-}}\\nFrom {{inh|en|enm|on}}, from {{inh|en|ang|on}}, {{m|ang|an||on, upon, onto, in, into}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*ana}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*ana||on, at}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*h₂en-}}.\\n\\nCognate with {{cog|frr|a||on, in}}, {{cog|stq|an||on, at}}, {{cog|fy|oan||on, at}}, {{cog|nl|aan||on, at, to}}, {{cog|nds|an||on, at}}, {{cog|de|an||to, at, on}}, {{cog|sv|å||on, at, in}}, {{cog|fo|á||on, onto, in, at}}, {{cog|is|á||on, in}}, {{cog|got|𐌰𐌽𐌰}}, {{cog|grc|ἀνά||up, upon}}, {{cog|sq|në||in}}; and from {{der|en|non|upp á}}: {{cog|da|på}}, {{cog|sv|på}}, {{cog|no|på}}, see {{m|en|upon}}.\\n- From {{der|en|non|ón}}, {{m|non|án||without}}, from {{der|en|gem-pro|*ēnu}}, {{m|gem-pro|*ēno}}, {{m|gem-pro|*ino||without}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*ḗnu||without}}. Cognate with {{cog|frr|on||without}}, {{cog|dum|an}}, {{m|dum|on||without}}, {{cog|gml|āne||without}}, {{cog|de|ohne||without}}, {{cog|got|𐌹𐌽𐌿||without, except}}, {{cog|grc|ἄνευ||without}}.\\n- From {{der|en|ja|音読み|tr=on\\'yomi|lit=sound reading}}.\\n### Karaim\\n- From {{inh|kdr|trk-pro|*ōn}}. Compare to {{cog|crh|on}}, {{cog|krc|он}}, {{cog|kum|он}}, {{cog|uum|он|tr=on}}, etc.\\n- From {{inh|kdr|trk-pro|*oŋ}}. Compare to {{cog|crh|oñ}}, {{cog|krc|онг}}, {{cog|kum|онг}}, {{cog|uum|он|tr=on}}, etc.\\n### Middle English\\n- From {{inh|enm|ang|on|on, an}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*an}}, from {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*ana||on, at}}.\\n- \\n- \\n- \\n- \\n## quiz\\n### Portuguese\\n- {{ubor|pt|en|quiz}}.\\n- \\n## raptor\\n### English\\n- From {{der|en|la|raptor||thief}}.\\n- Popularized (and possibly coined) in 1990 by {{w|Michael Crichton}} in \\'\\'[[w:Jurassic Park (novel)|Jurassic Park]]\\'\\'; {{clipping|en|velociraptor|nocap=1}}, ultimately of the same etymology as above.\\n### Portuguese\\n- {{lbor|pt|la|raptor}}.\\n- {{bor+|pt|en|raptor}}\\n## week\\n### Dutch\\n- From {{inh|nl|dum|wēke}}, from {{inh|nl|odt|*wika}}, from {{inh|nl|gmw-pro|*wikā}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*wikǭ}}, from {{der|nl|ine-pro|*weyg-||to bend, wind, turn, yield}}.\\n- From {{inh|nl|dum|wêec}}, from {{inh|nl|odt|*wēk}}, from {{inh|nl|gmw-pro|*waikw}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*waikwaz}}.\\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n## leap\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|lepen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|hlēapan}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*hlaupan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*hlaupaną}}. {{doublet|en|lope|lowp|elope|gallop|galop|interlope|loop}}.\\n\\nCognate with {{cog|fy|ljeppe||to jump}}, {{cog|nl|lopen||to run; to walk}}, {{cog|de|laufen||to run; to walk}}, {{cog|da|løbe}}, {{cog|nb|løpe}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*klewb-||to spring, stumble}} (compare {{cog|lt|šlùbti}} ‘to become lame’, {{m|lt|klùbti}} ‘to stumble’).\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|lep}}, from {{inh|en|ang|lēap|t=basket}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*laup}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laupaz|t=container, basket}}. Cognate with {{cog|is|laupur|t=basket}}.\\n## nu\\n### English\\n- From {{der|en|grc|νῦ}}, name for the letter of the Greek alphabet {{m|el|Ν}} and {{m|el|ν}}.\\n- Borrowed from {{bor|en|yi|נו}}.\\n- Phonetic respelling of {{m|en|new}}.\\n### Alemannic German\\n- From {{inh|gsw|gmh|nūn}}, from {{inh|gsw|gmh|niuwan}}, variant of {{m|gmh|niuwar}}, from {{inh|gsw|goh|niwāri}}. Cognate with {{cog|de|nur}}.\\n- From {{inh|gsw|gmh|nu}}, from {{inh|gsw|goh|nu}}. Cognate with {{cog|de|nun}}.\\n- Historical or dialectal variants.\\n### Dalmatian\\n- From {{inh|dlm|la|novem}}.\\n- From {{inh|dlm|la|nōs}}.\\n### Dutch\\n- From {{inh|nl|dum|nu}}, from {{inh|nl|odt|nū}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*nu}}.\\n- From {{bor|nl|grc|νῦ}}. {{doublet|nl|noen}}.\\n### French\\n- {{inh+|fr|fro|nu}}, from {{inh|fr|la|nūdus}}, from {{inh|fr|ine-pro|*nogʷós}}.\\n- From {{der|fr|grc|νῦ}}.\\n### German\\n- From {{der|de|gmh|nu}}, {{m|gmh|nuo}}. The form without a final \\'\\'-n\\'\\' remained common in some dialects and was reinforced by {{der|de|nds-de|nu}}, from {{der|de|gml|nû}}.\\n- From a Slavic dialect, probably [[Sorbian]]. Compare {{cog|cs|ano||yes}}, {{cog|pl|no||yeah; well}}, {{cog|ru|ну||yeah; well}}. In the sense of a filled pause touching on etymology 1 above.\\n### Lashi\\n- From {{inh|lsi|tbq-lob-pro}}, from {{inh|lsi|sit-pro|*ŋwa}}. Cognates include {{cog|my|နွား}} and {{cog|zh|牛|tr=niú}}.\\n- \\n### Norwegian Bokmål\\n- \\n- From {{inh|nb|non|nú}}.\\n### Norwegian Nynorsk\\n- \\n- From {{inh|nn|non|nú}}.\\n### Phalura\\n- {{rfe|phl}}\\n- {{rfe|phl}}\\n## 酉\\n### Japanese\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|とり|yomi=k}}\\n{{wp|lang=ja}}\\nFrom {{m|ja|鶏|tr=niwatori, tori||[[chicken]]}}, from {{m|ja|庭|tr=niwa||[[garden]]}} + {{m|ja|鳥|tr=tori||[[bird]]}}.\\n- {{ja-kanjitab|ゆう|yomi=o}}\\nFrom {{der|ja|ltc|酉|tr=yuw<sup>X</sup>|sort=ゆう}}.\\n## lente\\n### French\\n- {{inh+|fr|VL.||*lenditem}}, alteration of {{inh|fr|LL.|lendis|lendinem}}, itself an alteration of Classical {{inh|fr|la|lens|lendem}}.\\n- \\n### Interlingua\\n- \\n- \\n### Italian\\n- Inflected form of {{m|it|lento}}.\\n- First attested 17th century. {{bor+|it|la|lens|lentem|lentil}}, in Medieval Latin later taking on the sense of \"lens\".\\n## zomer\\n### Dutch\\n- From {{inh|nl|dum|sōmer}}, from {{inh|nl|odt|*sumar}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*sumaraz}}.\\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n## été\\n### French\\n- {{inh+|fr|fro|esté}}, from {{inh|fr|la|aestās|aestātem}}, ultimately from {{der|fr|ine-pro|*h₂eydʰ-||burn; fire}}.\\n- {{inh+|fr|fro|esté}}, past participle of {{m|fro|ester||to stand, to be (stative)}} (which was conflated with {{m|fro|estre}} in Old French); from {{inh|fr|la|stātus}}, past participle of {{m|la|stāre||to stand}}. Compare also the noun {{doublet|fr|état|notext=1}}.\\n## bone\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|bon}}, from {{inh|en|ang|bān|t=bone, tusk; the bone of a limb}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*bainą|t=bone}}, from {{m|gem-pro|*bainaz|t=straight}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*bʰeyh₂-|t=to hit, strike, beat}}.\\n\\nCognate with {{cog|sco|bane}}, {{m|sco|been}}, {{m|sco|bean}}, {{m|sco|bein}}, {{m|sco|bain|t=bone}}, {{cog|frr|bien||bone}}, {{cog|fy|bien|t=bone}}, {{cog|nl|been|t=bone; leg}}, {{cog|nds-de|Been}}, {{m|nds-de|Bein|t=bone}}, {{cog|de|Bein|t=leg}}, {{cog|de|Gebein|t=bones}}, {{cog|sv|ben|t=bone; leg}}, {{cog|no|-}} and {{cog|is|bein|t=bone}}, {{cog|br|benañ|t=to cut, hew}}, {{cog|la|perfinēs|t=break through, break into pieces, shatter}}, {{cog|ae|𐬠𐬫𐬈𐬥𐬙𐬈|t=they fight, hit}}. Related also to {{cog|non|beinn|t=straight, right, favourable, advantageous, convenient, friendly, fair, keen}} (whence {{cog|enm|bain}}, {{m|enm|bayne}}, {{m|enm|bayn}}, {{m|enm|beyn|t=direct, prompt}}, {{cog|sco|bein}}, {{m|sco|bien|t=in good condition, pleasant, well-to-do, cosy, well-stocked, pleasant, keen}}), {{cog|is|beinn|t=straight, direct, hospitable}}, {{cog|no|bein|t=straight, direct, easy to deal with}}. See {{l|en|bain}}, {{l|en|bein}}.\\n- {{unk|en}}; probably related in some way to Etymology 1, above.\\n- Borrowed from {{bor|en|fr|bornoyer||to look at with one eye, to sight}}, from {{m|fr|borgne||one-eyed}}.\\n- {{clipping|en|trombone}}\\n### Danish\\n- From {{bor|da|nds|-}} and {{der|da|gml|bōnen}}, from {{der|da|osx|*bōnian}}, from {{der|da|gmw-pro|*bōnijan|t=to polish}}.\\n- Derived from the noun {{m|da|bon||receipt}}, from {{der|da|fr|bon||voucher, ticket}}.\\n### Middle English\\n- \\n- \\n- \\n- \\n- \\n## punkin\\n### Finnish\\n- \\n- \\n## robot\\n### English\\n- From {{der|en|de|Robot}}, from a West Slavonic language, ultimately related to Etymology 2, below.\\n- {{etymid|en|R.U.R.}}\\n{{root|en|ine-pro|*h₃erbʰ-}}\\nBorrowed from {{bor|en|cs|robot}}, from {{m|cs|robota||drudgery, servitude}}. Coined in the 1920 science-fiction play \\'\\'{{w|R.U.R.|R.U.R. (Rossum\\'s Universal Robots)}}\\'\\' by {{w|Karel Čapek}} after having been suggested to him by his brother {{w|Josef Čapek|Josef}}, and taken into English without change.<ref>{{cite-web |url=https://blog.archive.org/2021/03/24/major-scifi-discovery-hiding-in-plain-sight-at-the-internet-archive/ |title=Major SciFi Discovery Hiding in Plain Sight at the Internet Archive |last=Adams |first=Caralee |date=2021-03-24 |publisher={{w|Internet Archive}} |work=Internet Archive Blogs |lang=en}}</ref>\\n- Referencing the origin of the name of the {{w|4chan}} imageboard {{w|/r9k/}} (created in 2008), so-called because it implements the {{w|ROBOT9000}} algorithm by {{w|Randall Munroe}} to prevent the reposting of content.\\n\\nPossibly overlapping with the sense of {{m|en|robot||a person who does not seem to have any emotions}}, alluding to {{w|High-functioning autism|autism}}, due to the prevalence of personal stories describing awkward or embarrassing situations on the board.\\n### Hungarian\\n- From {{der|hu|bar|robat}}, {{m|bar|robold}}, from {{der|hu|cs|robota||forced labour, drudgery}}.\\n- From {{der|hu|cs|robot}}, from {{m|cs|robota||forced labour, drudgery}}. Coined in the 1921 science-fiction play [[W:R.U.R.|R.U.R. (Rossum\\'s Universal Robots)]] by {{w|Karel Čapek}}.{{cln|hu|terms derived from fiction}}\\n## y\\n### English\\n- \\n- Abbreviations.\\n\\n\\'\\'\\'{{PAGENAME}}\\'\\'\\'\\n# {{lb|en|stenoscript}} the sound sequence /ɔɪ̯/.\\n# {{lb|en|stenoscript}} {{abbreviation of|en|why}}\\n# {{lb|en|stenoscript}} the prefix \\'\\'\\'\\'\\'{{m|en|-ry}}\\'\\'\\'\\'\\' or \\'\\'\\'-rry\\'\\'\\'.\\n### Cornish\\n- From {{inh|kw|cel-bry-pro|*eið}}, from {{inh|kw|cel-pro|*esyo|g=m}} and {{m|cel-pro|*esyās|g=f}}; compare {{cog|sga|a||his, her, its, their}} and {{cog|sa|अस्य||his, its|tr=asyá}} and {{m|sa|अस्यास्||her|tr=asyā́s}}.\\n- From {{inh|kw|cel-pro|*eyes}}, plural of {{m|cel-pro|*es}}, from {{inh|kw|ine-pro|*éy}}. Cognate with {{cog|br|int|i(nt)}}, {{cog|ga|iad|ia(d)}} and {{cog|cy|hwy}}\\n- From {{inh|kw|cel-pro|*ide-}} (compare {{cog|br|e}}, {{m|br|ez}}, {{cog|cy|y}}, {{m|kw|yth}}, {{cog|sga|id}}), from {{inh|cy|ine-pro|*h₁i-dʰei-}} (compare {{cog|la|ibi||here}}, {{cog|ae|𐬌𐬛𐬁||here, in the same way}}, and {{cog|sa|इह|tr=ihá||here}}).\\n### French\\n- From {{m|fr|i grec||Greek i}}, referring to the letter [[upsilon]] ([[Υ]]), originally borrowed from the Greek alphabet, as opposed to \"Latin i\" ([[I]]).\\n- 10th century; from {{inh|fr|fro|i}}, from {{inh|fr|la|hīc||here}} (ultimately from {{der|fr|ine-pro|*ǵʰi-ḱe||this, here}}), with meaning influenced by {{der|fr|fro|iv||there, thither}}, itself from {{inh|fr|la|ibī}}. Derivation from the latter poses difficulty from a phonetic standpoint. Compare {{cog|ca|hi}}.\\n- [[eye dialect|Eye dialect]] spelling or [[contraction]] of {{m|fr|il}} and {{m|fr|ils}}.\\n### Middle English\\n- \\n- \\n### Norwegian Nynorsk\\n- From {{inh|nn|non|ýr}}, from {{inh|nn|gem-pro|*īhwaz}}. Akin to {{cog|en|yew}}.\\n- From {{inh|nn|non|úa}}, influenced by {{m|nn|kry}}.\\n### Old Tupi\\n- {{inh+|tpw|tup-gua-pro|*tɨ||liquid, urine}}, from {{inh|tpw|tup-pro|*tˀɨ||liquid, urine}}. {{doublet|tpw|ty}}.<ref name=correa>{{R:tup:CorrêaDaSilva|pages=403–404}}</ref><ref>{{R:tup:Nikulin 2020}}</ref>\\n\\nCognate with {{cog|mav|hɨ||river}}, {{cog|gn|ty||urine}}.\\n- {{inh+|tpw|tup-gua-pro|*tɨ||river}}, from {{inh|tpw|tup-pro|*it͡ʃˀɨ||river}}.<ref name=correa/><ref>{{R:tup:Rodrigues}}</ref>\\n\\nCognate with {{cog|awe|hɨ||river}} and {{cog|mav|ihɨ||river}}.\\n### Spanish\\n- \\n- {{inh+|es|osp|è}} or {{m|osp|e}}, from {{inh|es|la|et}}.\\n### Tagalog\\n- From {{bor|tl|es|y}}. Each pronunciation has a different source:\\n* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by {{der|tl|en|y}}.\\n* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character {{m|tl|{{tl-bay sc|ya}}}}.\\n* Abecedario pronunciation is from {{der|tl|es|y}}.\\n- {{bor+|tl|es|y}}.\\n### Vietnamese\\n- {{vi-etym-sino|伊}}.\\n- {{vi-etym-sino|依}}.\\n- {{vi-etym-sino|醫|}}.\\n### Welsh\\n- \\n- From {{inh|cy|wlm|y}}, {{m|wlm|yr}}, from {{inh|cy|owl|ir}}, ultimately from {{der|cy|cel-pro|*sindos}}.\\n- {{etymid|cy|particle}}\\nMerger of two formerly distinct particles, {{m|cy|ydd}} and {{m|cy|yd}}.\\n* (1) from earlier {{m|cy|ydd}}, from {{inh|cy|wlm|yð}}, from {{inh|cy|cel-pro|*ide-}} (compare {{cog|br|e}}, {{m|br|ez}}, {{cog|kw|y}}, {{m|kw|yth}}, {{cog|sga|id}}), from {{inh|cy|ine-pro|*h₁i-dʰei-}} (compare {{cog|la|ibi||here}}, {{cog|ae|𐬌𐬛𐬁||here, in the same way}}, and {{cog|sa|इह|tr=ihá||here}}).\\n* (2) from earlier {{m|cy|yd}}, from {{inh|cy|wlm|yt}}, from {{inh|cy|owl|it}}, from {{inh|cy|cel-pro|*ita-}} (compare {{cog|br|e}}, {{m|br|ez}}); akin to {{cog|la|ita||so, thus}}, dialectal {{cog|lt|it||as}}, and {{cog|sa|íti||thus, in this manner}}.\\n## the\\n### English\\n- {{root|en|ine-pro|*só}}From {{inh|en|enm|þe}}, from {{inh|en|ang|þē||the, that|pos=[[demonstrative pronoun]]|g=m}}, a late variant of {{m|ang|sē}}, the \\'\\'s-\\'\\' (which occurred in the masculine and feminine nominative singular only) having been replaced by the \\'\\'þ-\\'\\' from the oblique stem.\\n{{rel-top|replaced words, cognates}}\\nOriginally neutral nominative, in Middle English it superseded all previous Old English nominative forms ({{m|ang|sē|g=m}}, {{m|ang|sēo|g=f}}, {{m|ang|þæt|g=n}}, {{m|ang|þā|g=p}}); {{m|ang|sē}} is from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*siz}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*sa}}, ultimately from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*só}}.\\n\\nCognate with {{cog|stq|die|t=the}}, {{cog|fy|de|t=the}}, {{cog|nl|de|t=the}}, {{cog|nds-de|de|t=the}}, {{cog|de|der|t=the}}, {{cog|da|de|t=the}}, {{cog|sv|de|t=the}}, {{cog|is|sá|t=that}} within Germanic and with {{cog|sa|sá|t=the, that}}, {{cog|grc|ὁ|t=the}}, {{cog|txb|se|t=this}} among other Indo-European languages<ref>{{R:ine:LIPP|volume=2|pages=732-733}}</ref>.\\n{{rel-bottom}}\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|the}}, {{m|enm|thy}}, {{m|enm|thi}}, from {{inh|en|ang|þe|þē̆}}, probably a neuter instrumental form (\"by that, thereby\")—alongside the more common {{m|ang|þȳ}} and {{m|ang|þon}}—of the demonstrative pronoun {{m|ang|sē}} (\"that\"). Compare {{cog|nl|des te|des \\'\\'te\\'\\'}} (\"the, the more\"), {{cog|de|desto|des\\'\\'to\\'\\'}} (\"the, all the more\"), {{cog|no|fordi|for\\'\\'di\\'\\'}} (\"because\"), {{cog|is|því||the; because}}, {{cog|fo|tí}}, {{cog|sv|ty}}.\\n- {{rfe|en}}\\n### Middle English\\n- \\n- \\n- \\n- \\n### Old Saxon\\n- From {{inh|osx|gem-pro|*sa}}. The original \\'\\'s-\\'\\' was replaced by \\'\\'th-\\'\\' by analogy with the other forms, but still preserved in the variant {{m|osx|sē}}.\\n- From {{inh|osx|gem-pro|*þa}}, from {{inh|osx|ine-pro|*tó}}, {{m|ine-pro|*te-}}.\\n### Vietnamese\\n- {{vi-etym-sino|紗||hv=n|sa}}.\\n- \\n## absent\\n### English\\n- {{root|en|ine-pro|*h₁es-}}\\nFrom {{inh|en|enm|absent}}, from {{der|en|frm|absent}}, from {{der|en|fro|ausent|}}, and their source, {{der|en|la|absens|}}, present participle of {{m|la|absum||to be away from}}, from {{m|la|ab||away}} + {{m|la|sum||to be}}.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|absenten}}, from {{der|en|fro|absenter}}, from {{der|en|LL.|absentāre||keep away, be away}}.\\n## absenter\\n### English\\n- {{suffix|en|absent|er|id2=agent noun}}\\n- \\n## abstinent\\n### English\\n- First attested in the late 14th century as {{inh|en|enm|abstinent}}, {{m|enm|abstynent}}, from {{der|en|fro|abstinent}}, from {{der|en|la|abstinēns}}, present participle of {{m|la|abstineō}}. See [[abstain]].\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|abstinent}} (adjective form).\\n## abut\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|abutten}}, from {{der|en|ML.|abuttare}} and {{der|en|fro|abuter}}, {{m|fro|aboter}}, {{m|fro|abouter||to touch at one end, to come to an end, aim, reach}},<ref name=WI3/><ref name=RHD>{{R:RHCD|page=7}}</ref> from {{der|en|fro|but||end, aim, purpose}}; akin to {{cog|non|butr||piece of wood}}<ref name=WI3/>. Equivalent to {{prefix|en|a|butt|t1=to|t2=boundary mark}}.<ref name=SOED>{{R:SOED5|page=11}}</ref>\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|abutten}},<ref name=AHD>{{R:American Heritage Dictionary|edition=1971|page=6}}</ref> from {{der|en|fro|aboter||to touch at one end, border on}},<ref name=WI3>{{R:MW3 1976|page=8}}</ref> {{m|fro|abouter||to join end to end}}, {{m|fro|abuter||to buttress, to put an end to}}, from {{m|fro|a-||towards}} + {{m|fro|bout||end}}, {{m|fro|boter}}, {{m|fro|bouter||to strike}},<ref name=OCD>{{R:OCD2|page=5}}</ref> {{m|fro|buter||to strike, finish}}.<ref name=AHD/> Equivalent to {{prefix|en|a|butt|t1=towards, change to|t2=push}}<ref name=SOED/>\\n## accept\\n### Romanian\\n- {{bor+|ro|de|Akzept}}, from {{der|ro|la|acceptus}}.\\n- \\n## acceptor\\n### Latin\\n- {{suffix|la|accipiō|-tor}}.\\n- \\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n## accessive\\n### English\\n- \\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n## accidental\\n### Fala\\n- From {{af|fax|accidenti|-al}}.\\n- From {{af|fax|accidenti|-al}}.\\n## acclimate\\n### Italian\\n- \\n- \\n## rag week\\n### English\\n- From {{compound|en|rag|week|gloss1=university students society run for charitable fundraising}}, possibly from the verb {{m|en|rag||tease; torment; banter}}.\\n- From {{compound|en|rag|week|gloss1=piece of old cloth}}. From the former use, by women, of rags to protect their clothing from menstrual blood.\\n## alien\\n### Middle English\\n- From {{bor|enm|fro|alien}}, {{m|fro|aliene}}, from {{der|enm|la|aliēnus}}. Some forms (chiefly nominal) show assimilation to the suffix {{m|enm|-ant}}.\\n- From {{bor|enm|fro|alier}}.\\n## pez\\n### Old Spanish\\n- From {{inh|osp|la|picem}}, accusative of {{m|la|pix}}.\\n- {{inh+|osp|la|piscis|piscem}}, from {{inh|osp|ine-pro|*peysḱ-}}.\\n### Spanish\\n- {{inh+|es|osp|pez}}, from {{inh|es|la|pix|picem}}, from {{inh|es|ine-pro|*pik-||resin}}, from {{m|ine-pro|*pi-||sap, juice}}.\\n- {{wikipedia|lang=es}}\\n[[File:Pink salmon FWS.jpg|thumb|pez]]\\n{{inh+|es|osp|pez}}, from {{inh|es|la|piscis|piscem}}, from {{inh|es|ine-pro|*peysḱ-}}. Compare {{m|es|peje}}, {{cog|it|pesce}}, {{cog|pt|peixe}}, {{cog|ro|pește}}.\\n## season\\n### English\\n- {{root|en|ine-pro|*seh₁-|id=sow}}\\nFrom {{inh|en|enm|sesoun|sesoun, seson|time of the year}}, from {{der|en|fro|seson|seson, saison|time of sowing, seeding}}, from {{der|en|la|satiō||act of sowing, planting}} from {{m|la|satum}}, past participle of {{m|la|serō||to sow, plant}} from {{der|en|ine-pro|*seh₁-||to sow, plant}}. Akin to {{cog|ang|sāwan||to sow}}, {{m|ang|sǣd||seed}}. Displaced native {{cog|enm|sele||season}} (from {{cog|ang|sǣl||season, time, occasion}}), {{cog|enm|tide||season, time of year}} (from {{cog|ang|tīd||time, period, yeartide, season}}).\\n- From {{bor|en|fr|assaisonner}}.\\n## summer\\n### English\\n- From {{der|en|enm|somer}}, {{m|enm|sumer}}, from {{der|en|ang|sumor||summer}}, from {{der|en|gmw-pro|*sumar}}, from {{der|en|gem-pro|*sumaraz||summer}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro||*sm̥-h₂-ó-}}, oblique of {{m|ine-pro|*semh₂-||summer, year}}.\\n\\nCognate with {{cog|sco|somer}}, {{m|sco|sumer}}, {{m|sco|simer||summer}}, {{cog|fy|simmer||summer}}, {{cog|stq|Suumer||summer}}, {{cog|nl|zomer||summer}}, {{cog|nds|Sommer||summer}}, {{cog|de|Sommer||summer}}, {{cog|da|-}} and {{cog|nb|sommer||summer}}, {{cog|sv|sommar||summer}}, {{cog|nn|-}} and {{cog|is|sumar||summer}}, {{cog|cy|haf||summer}}, {{cog|hy|ամ||year}}, {{m|hy|ամառ||summer}}, {{cog|sa|समा|tr=sámā||a half-year, season, weather, year}},\\n{{cog|ae|𐬵𐬀𐬨|tr=ham-||t=summer}}, {{cog|pal|ḥʾmyn|tr=hāmīn||t=summer}}, {{cog|kmr|havîn|t=summer}}, {{cog|ckb|ھاوین|t=summer}}.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|somer}}, from {{der|en|xno|summer}}, {{m|fro|sumer}}, from {{der|en|VL.|saumarius|saumārius}}, for {{der|en|LL.|sagmārius}}, from {{der|en|la|sagma||sum}}. Compare {{m|en|sumpter}}.\\n- {{affix|en|sum|-er|id2=agent noun}}\\n## spring\\n### English\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|springen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|springan|t=to spring, leap, bounce, sprout forth, emerge, spread out}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*springan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*springaną|t=to burst forth}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*spre(n)ǵʰ-|t=to move, race, spring}}, from {{m|ine-pro|*sper-|t=to jerk, twitch, snap, shove}}. Cognate with {{cog|stq|springe}}, {{cog|fy|springe}}, {{cog|nl|springen}}, {{cog|nds-de|springen}}, {{cog|de|springen}}, {{cog|da|springe}}, {{cog|sv|springa}}, {{cog|no|springe}}, {{cog|fo|springa}}, {{cog|is|springa|t=to burst, explode}}.\\n\\nOther possible cognates include {{cog|lt|spreñgti||to [[push]] (in)}}, {{cog|cu|прѧсти||to [[spin]], to [[stretch]]}}, {{cog|la|spargere||to [[sprinkle]], to [[scatter]]}}, {{cog|grc|σπέρχω||to [[hasten]]}}, {{cog|sa|स्पृहयति|tr=spṛháyati||to be [[eager]]}}. Some newer senses derived from the noun.\\n- From {{inh|en|enm|spryng|t=a [[wellspring]], [[tide]], [[branch]], [[sunrise]], [[kind]] of [[dance]] or [[blow]], [[ulcer]], [[snare]], [[flock]]}}; partly from {{inh|en|ang|spring|t=[[wellspring]], [[ulcer]]}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*spring}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*springaz|t=a wellspring, fount}}; and partly from {{inh|en|ang|spryng||a [[jump]]}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*sprungi}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*sprungiz|t=a jump}}. Further senses derived from the verb and from clippings of {{m|en|day-spring}}, {{m|en|springtime}}, {{m|en|spring tide}}, etc. Its sense as the season, first attested in a work predating 1325, gradually replaced Middle English {{m|enm|lente}}, {{m|enm|lentin}}, from Old English {{m|ang|lencten||spring, [[Lent]]}} as that word became more specifically liturgical. Compare {{m|en|fall}}.\\n### Middle English\\n- \\n- \\n## libre\\n### Galician\\n- From {{inh|gl|roa-opt|libre}}, {{m|roa-opt|livre}} (13th century, \\'\\'{{w|Cantigas de Santa Maria}}\\'\\'), from {{inh|gl|la|līber}}.\\n- \\n### Middle French\\n- From {{inh|frm|fro|libre}}, from {{der|frm|la|līber}}.\\n- From {{der|frm|la|lībra}}.\\n### Spanish\\n- Probably {{bor+|es|la|līber|nocap=1}}, from {{der|es|itc-ola|loeber}}, from {{der|es|itc-pro|*louðeros}}, from {{der|es|ine-pro||*h₁lewdʰ-er-os}}, from {{m|ine-pro|*h₁lewdʰ-||people}}.\\n- {{nonlemma}}\\n'"
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"Parse error occurred: no element found: line 118767, column 285\n",
"---\n",
"# Extracted Etymologies\n",
"## portmanteau\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{etymid|en|luggage}}\n",
"{{root|en|ine-pro|*per- (fare)}}\n",
"From {{bor|en|frm|portemanteau||coat stand}}, from {{compound|frm|nocat=1|porter|alt1=porte|t1=carries|pos1=third-person singular present indicative of {{m|frm|porter|t=to carry}}|manteau|t2=coat|lit=[that which] carries coat}}.\n",
"- {{etymid|en|word}}\n",
"First used by {{w|Lewis Carroll}} in ''{{w|Through the Looking-Glass}}'' to describe the words he coined in {{w|Jabberwocky}}.\n",
"## cat\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|cat}}, {{m|enm|catte}}, from {{inh|en|ang|catt||male cat}}, {{m|ang|catte||female cat}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*kattu}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*kattuz}}. Further etymology is unclear. \n",
"{{rel-top|Further etymology and cognates.}}\n",
"The Germanic word is generally thought to be from {{der|en|LL.|cattus||domestic cat}} (c. 350, [[w:Rutilius Taurus Aemilianus Palladius|Palladius]]), from {{der|en|la|catta}} (c. 75 {{small|A.D.}}, [[w:Martial|Martial]]),<ref>{{R:Etymonline}}</ref> from an {{der|en|afa}} language. This would roughly match how domestic cats themselves spread, as genetic studies suggest they began to spread out of the [[Near East]] / [[Fertile Crescent]] during the Neolithic (being in Cyprus by 9500 years ago,<ref name=\"ISample\"/><ref name=\"COttoni\"/> and Greece and Italy by 2500 years ago<ref>Dennis C. Turner, Patrick Bateson, ''The Domestic Cat: The Biology of its Behaviour'' ({{ISBN|1107512212}}), page 93</ref>), especially after they became popular in Egypt.<ref name=\"ISample\">Ian Sample, ''[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jun/29/genetics.sciencenews DNA research identifies homeland of the domestic cat]'', in ''The Guardian'' (29 June 2007)</ref><ref name=\"COttoni\">Claudio Ottoni, Wim Van Neer, Eva-Maria Geigl, et al, ''The palaeogenetics of cat dispersal in the ancient world'', in ''Nature: Ecology & Evolution'', volume 1 (19 June 2017) (doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0139); summarized e.g. by [https://web.archive.org/web/20180516020404/http://blogs.plos.org/onscienceblogs/2017/06/23/where-did-cats-come-from/ PLOS]</ref> However, every proposed source word has presented problems. [[w:Adolphe Pictet|Adolphe Pictet]]<ref>{{R:ine:Pictet|vol=I|page=381}}</ref> and many subsequent sources refer to [[w:Barabra|Barabra]] (Nubian) {{m|onw|tr=kaddîska}} and \"Nouba\" ([[w:Nobiin language|Nobiin]]) {{m|fia|kadīs}} as possible sources or cognates,<ref>Otto Keller, ''Die antike Tierwelt'', vol. 1: ''Säugetiere'' (Leipzig, 1909), 75; Walther von Wartburg, ed. ''[[w:Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch|Französisches etymologisches Wörterbuch]]'', vol. 2 (Basel: R. G. Zbinden, 1922–1967), 520.</ref> but M. Lionel Bender says the Nubian word is a loan from {{noncog|ar|قِطَّة}}.<ref name=\"Qitta\">John Huehnergard, “Qitta: Arabic Cats”, in ''Classical Arabic Humanities in Their Own Terms'', ed. Beatrice Gruendler (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 407–18.</ref> Jean-Paul Savignac suggests the Latin word is from an Egyptian precursor of {{cog|cop|ϣⲁⲩ||tomcat}} suffixed with feminine {{m|egy|-t}},<ref>Jean-Paul Savignac, ''Dictionnaire français-gaulois'', s.v. \"[[chat]]\" (Paris: Errance, 2004), 82.</ref> but John Huehnergard says \"the source [...] was clearly not Egyptian itself, where no analogous form is attested.\"<ref name=\"Qitta\"/>\n",
"\n",
"It may be a [[Wanderwort]].<ref>{{R:EWddS|ed=22|hw=Katze|362}}</ref> Kroonen says the word must have existed in Germanic from a very early date, as it shows morphological alternations, and suggests that it might have been borrowed from Uralic, compare {{noncog|se|gađfe||female stoat}} and {{noncog|hu|hölgy||stoat; lady, bride}} from {{noncog|urj-pro|*käďwä||female (of a fur animal)}}.<ref>{{R:gem:EDPG|*kattōn-}}</ref>\n",
"\n",
"Related to {{cog|sco|cat}}, {{cog|fy|kat}}, {{cog|frr|kåt}} and {{m|frr|kaat}}, {{cog|nl|kat}}, {{cog|da|kat}}, {{cog|no|katt}}, {{cog|sv|katt}}, {{cog|nds-de|Katt}} and {{m|nds-de|Katte}}, {{cog|de|Katze}}, {{cog|gsw|Chatz}}, {{cog|is|köttur}}, {{cog|af|kat}}, {{cog|la|cattus}}, {{cog|fr|chat}}, {{cog|nrf|cat}}, {{cog|oc|cat}}, {{cog|pt|gato}}, {{cog|es|gato}}, {{cog|rup|cãtush}}, {{cog|gd|cat}}, {{cog|ga|cat}}, {{cog|br|kazh}}, {{cog|cy|cath}}, {{cog|kw|kath}}, as well as {{cog|grc|κάττα}}, {{cog|el|γάτα}}, {{cog|tr|kedi}}, and from the same ultimate source {{cog|ru|кот}}, {{cog|uk|кіт}}, {{cog|be|кот}}, {{cog|pl|kot}}, {{cog|csb|kòt}}, {{cog|lt|katė}}, and more distantly {{cog|hy|կատու}}, {{cog|eu|katu}}, {{cog|ar|قِطَّة}} alongside dialectal Maghrebi Arabic {{m|ar|قَطُّوس}} (from Berber, probably from Latin).\n",
"{{rel-bottom}}\n",
"- From {{m|en|concatenate}}, derived from the program's function of concatenating files. Compare {{m|en|concat}}.\n",
"- Abbreviations.\n",
"## gratis\n",
"### Catalan\n",
"- From {{der|ca|la|grātīs}}.\n",
"- \n",
"## word\n",
"### English\n",
"- [[File:About- General sign.ogv|thumb| The word ''about'' signed in [[American Sign Language]].]]\n",
"{{root|en|ine-pro|*werh₁-|*dʰeh₁-}}\n",
"From {{inh|en|enm|word}}, from {{inh|en|ang|word}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*word}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*wurdą}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*werdʰh₁om|*wr̥dʰh₁om}}. {{doublet|en|verb|verve}}; further related to {{m|en|vrata}}.\n",
"- Variant of {{m|en|worth||to become, turn into, grow, get}}, from {{inh|en|enm|worthen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|weorþan|t=to turn into, become, grow}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*werþan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*werþaną|t=to turn, turn into, become}}. More at {{section link|worth#Verb}}.\n",
"### Middle English\n",
"- From {{inh|enm|ang|word}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*word}}, from {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*wurdą}}, from {{inh|enm|ine-pro|*werdʰh₁om}}. {{doublet|enm|verbe}}.\n",
"- \n",
"### Old English\n",
"- {{root|ang|ine-pro|*werh₁-|*dʰeh₁-}}\n",
"From {{inh|ang|gmw-pro|*word}}, from {{inh|ang|gem-pro|*wurdą}}.\n",
"- {{root|ang|ine-pro|*Hwerdʰ-}}\n",
"{{etymid|ang|thornbush}}\n",
"{{unk|ang}}. Perhaps ultimately from {{der|ang|ine-pro|*wr̥dʰos|t=sweetbriar}}. Compare {{cog|la|rubus||bramble}}, {{cog|fa|گل|tr=gol||flower}}.\n",
"## livre\n",
"### French\n",
"- {{inh+|fr|frm|livre}}, from {{inh|fr|fro|livre}}, a {{slbor|nocap=1|fr|la|liber|librum}}. The strictly inherited form would be {{m|fr||*loivre}}. {{doublet|fr|liber}}.\n",
"- {{inh+|fr|frm|livre}}, from {{inh|fr|fro|livre}}, from {{inh|fr|la|lībra}}.\n",
"- \n",
"### Middle French\n",
"- From {{inh|frm|fro|livre}}, from {{der|frm|la|liber}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|frm|fro|livre}}, from {{inh|frm|la|lībra}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|frm|fro|livre}}, from {{der|frm|la|līber}}.\n",
"### Norman\n",
"- From {{inh|nrf|fro|livre}}, a {{slbor|nocap=1|nrf|la|liber|liber, librum}}.\n",
"- From {{der|nrf|la|libra}}.\n",
"### Old French\n",
"- {{slbor|fro|la|liber|liber, librum}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|fro|la|lībra}}.\n",
"- {{slbor|fro|la|līber}}.\n",
"### Portuguese\n",
"- From {{inh|pt|roa-opt|livre}}, {{m|roa-opt|libre}}, from {{inh|pt|la|līber}}, from {{inh|pt|itc-ola|loeber}}, from {{inh|pt|itc-pro|*louðeros}}, from {{inh|pt|ine-pro||*h₁lewdʰ-er-os}}, from {{m|ine-pro|*h₁lewdʰ-||people}}.\n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n",
"## book\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|bok}}, {{m|enm|book}}, from {{inh|en|ang|bōc}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*bōk}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*bōks}}. Eclipsed non-native {{noncog|enm|livret}}, {{m|enm|lyveret|t=book, booklet}} from {{noncog|fro|livret|t=book, booklet}}. ''Bookmaker'' sense by {{clipping|en|nocap=1}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|booken}}, {{m|enm|boken}}, from {{inh|en|ang|bōcian}}, {{m|ang|ġebōcian}}, from the noun (see above).\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|book}}, {{m|enm|bok}}, from {{inh|en|ang|bōc}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*bōk}}, first and third person singular indicative past tense of {{der|en|gem-pro|*bakaną|t=to bake}}.\n",
"### Middle English\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## pound\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{root|en|ine-pro|*(s)pend-}}\n",
"From {{inh|en|enm|pound}}, from {{inh|en|ang|pund||a pound, weight}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*pundą||pound, weight}}, an early borrowing from {{der|en|la|pondō||by weight}}, ablative form of {{m|la|pondus||weight}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*pend-}}, {{m|ine-pro|*spend-||to pull, stretch}}. Cognate with {{cog|nl|pond}}, {{cog|de|Pfund}}, {{cog|da|pund}} and {{cog|sv|pund}}. {{doublet|en|pood|punt}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|pounde}}, {{m|enm|ponde}}, {{m|enm|pund}}, from {{inh|en|ang|pund|t=an enclosure}}, related to {{cog|ang|pyndan|t=to enclose, shut up, dam, impound}}. Compare also {{cog|ang|pynd|t=a [[cistern]], lake}}.\n",
"- From an alteration of earlier {{m|en|poun}}, {{m|en|pown}}, from {{inh|en|enm|pounen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|pūnian||to pound, beat, bray, bruise, crush}}, from {{der|en|gmw-pro|*pūn-|t=broken pieces, rubble}}. Related to {{cog|stq|Pün|t=debris, fragments}}, {{cog|fy|pún|t=debris, rubble}}, {{cog|nl|puin||debris, fragments, rubbish}}, {{cog|nds|pun||fragments}}.\n",
"## pond\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|pond}}, {{m|enm|ponde|t=pond, pool}}, probably from {{inh|en|ang|*pond}}, {{m|ang|*pand}} (attested in placenames), a variant of {{m|ang|*pund|t=enclosure}}. {{doublet|en|[[pound#Etymology_2|pound]]}}.\n",
"- {{clipping|en|ponder}}.\n",
"## pie\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|pye}}, {{m|enm|pie}}, {{m|enm|pey}}, perhaps from {{inh|en|ang|*pīe|t=pastry}} (compare {{cog|ang|pīe}}, {{m|ang|pēo|t=insect, bug}}), attested in early {{m+|enm|piehus|t=bakery|lit=pie-house}} {{circa2|1199|short=yes}}. Relation to {{cog|ML.|pica}}, {{m|la|pia|t=pie, pastry}} is unclear, as there are no similar terms found in any Romance languages; therefore, like {{cog|ga|pióg|t=pie}}, the Latin term may have been simply borrowed from the English.\n",
"\n",
"Some sources state the word comes from {{der|en|la|pīca|t=magpie, jay}} (from the idea of the many ingredients put into pies likened to the tendency of magpies to bring a variety of objects back to their nests), ultimately from {{der|en|ine-pro|*(s)peyk-||woodpecker; magpie}}, though this has its controversies. However, if so, then it is a {{doublet|en|pica|nocap=1}}.\n",
"- {{root|en|ine-pro|*(s)peyk-}}\n",
"From {{inh|en|enm|pye}}, from {{der|en|fro|pie}}, from {{der|en|la|pīca}}, feminine of {{m|la|pīcus||woodpecker}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*(s)peyk-||woodpecker; magpie}}. Cognate with {{m|en|speight}}. {{doublet|en|pica}}.\n",
"- From {{bor|en|hi|पाई||quarter}}, from {{der|en|sa|पादिका}}.\n",
"- From {{bor|en|hi|पाहि||[[migrant]] [[farmer]], [[passer]]-[[through]]}}, from {{der|en|sa|पार्श्व||[[side]], [[vicinity]]}}.\n",
"- From {{bor|en|es|pie||[[foot]], [[Spanish]] [[foot]]}}, from {{der|en|la|pēs||[[foot]], [[ancient Roman|Roman]] [[foot]]}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*pṓds}}. {{doublet|en|foot|pes|pous}}.\n",
"- \n",
"### Latin\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"### Middle English\n",
"- From {{bor|enm|ML.|pīca}}.\n",
"- From {{bor|enm|fro|pie}}.\n",
"### Spanish\n",
"- {{dercat|es|itc-pro|ine-pro|inh=2}}\n",
"{{inh+|es|osp|pie}}, from {{inh|es|la|pēs|pedem}}.\n",
"\n",
"Cognate with {{cog|ast|pie}}, {{cog|gl|-}} and {{cog|pt|pé}}, and {{cog|ca|peu}}. As an English unit, a [[calque]] of {{der|es|en|foot}}.\n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n",
"- {{ubor|es|en|pie}}.\n",
"## A\n",
"### Translingual\n",
"- From the {{der|mul|ett|-}} letter {{m|ett|𐌀}}, from the {{der|mul|grc|-}} letter {{m|grc|Α||alpha}}, derived from the {{der|mul|phn|-}} letter {{m|phn|𐤀||[[aleph]]}}, from the {{der|mul|egy|-}} hieroglyph {{m|egy|𓃾}}.\n",
"- The abbreviation of a variety of terms.\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{der|en|enm|-}} and {{der|en|ang|-}} upper case letter {{m|enm|A}} and split of {{der|en|enm|-}} and {{der|en|ang|-}} upper case letter {{m|enm|Æ}}.\n",
"* The {{der|en|ang|-}} letters {{m|ang|A}} and {{m|ang|Æ}} replaced the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letters {{m|mul|ᚪ||tr=a|āc}} and {{m|mul|ᚫ||tr=æ|æsc}}, derived from the Runic letter {{m|mul|ᚫ||tr=a|Ansuz}}, in the 7th century.\n",
"- * {{sense|highest rank|grade|music}} From the initial position of the letter {{m|en|A}} in the English alphabet.\n",
"* {{sense|blood type}} From {{m|en|w:ABO blood group system|A antigen}}\n",
"### Chinese\n",
"- From the hotkey in many video games associated with the command \"attack\".\n",
"- Initialism of {{bor|zh|en|available}}.\n",
"- From the letter A of the English pattern playing cards. Various names exist for this symbol in the spoken language.\n",
"; Mandarin ''jiān''\n",
": From {{zh-l|尖|tip}}, because the letter A has an upward tip.\n",
"; Cantonese ''jin1''\n",
": {{clipping|yue|煙士}}, from {{bor|yue|en|ace}}.\n",
"- \n",
"### Danish\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"### German\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"### Luxembourgish\n",
"- \n",
"- From {{inh|lb|goh|ouga}}, from {{inh|lb|gem-pro|*augô}}, ultimately from {{der|lb|ine-pro|*h₃ekʷ-||eye; to see}}. The phonetic development in Luxembourgish is regular: Old High German ''-ou-'' becomes ''-ā-''; intervocalic ''-g-'' is lost; word-final short vowels are apocopated.\n",
"- From {{inh|lb|gmh|ouwe}}, from {{inh|lb|goh|ouwa}}, from {{inh|lb|gem-pro|*awjō}}. Cognate with {{cog|de|Aue}}, {{cog|en|eyot}}, {{cog|is|ey}}, {{cog|da|ø}}, {{cog|sv|ö}}.\n",
"### Scots\n",
"- \n",
"- From {{inh|sco|enm|a}}, an unstressed form of {{m|enm|I}}, itself a reduced form of {{m|enm|ik}}, {{m|enm|ic}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|ic}}, from {{inh|sco|gmw-pro|*ik}}, from {{inh|sco|gem-pro|*ek||pos=pronoun|I}}, from {{inh|sco|ine-pro|*éǵh₂}}.\n",
"### Spanish\n",
"- \n",
"- {{abbreviation of|es|alfil}}\n",
"## crow\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|crowe|sc=Latn}}, from {{inh|en|ang|crāwe}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*krāā}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*krēǭ}} (compare {{cog|fy|krie}}, {{cog|nl|kraai}}, {{cog|de|Krähe}}), from {{m|gem-pro|*krēaną||to crow}}. See below.\n",
"- {{root|en|ine-pro|*gerH-}}\n",
"The verb is from {{inh|en|enm|crowen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|crāwan}} (past tense {{m|ang|crēow}}, past participle {{m|ang|crāwen}}), from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*krāan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*krēaną}}, from {{onomatopoeic|en|title=imitative}} {{der|en|ine-pro|*gerh₂-|*gerH-|to cry hoarsely}}.<ref>{{R:American_Heritage_Dictionary|crow}}</ref>\n",
"\n",
"The noun is from {{inh|en|enm|crowe}}, from the verb.<ref>{{R:Oxford English Dictionary|entry=Crow (kr''ō''{{sup|u}})|part of speech=''sb.''{{sup|2}}|noformat=1|volume=II|page=1206|column=3|passage=f. {{smallcaps|Crow}} ''v.''|nodot=1}}</ref><ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=crou|part of speech=n|id=MED9002|passage=From crouen .|nodot=1}}</ref>\n",
"\n",
"Compare {{cog|nl|kraaien}}, {{cog|de|krähen}}, {{cog|lt|gróti}}, {{cog|ru|гра́ять}}). Related to {{m|en|croak}}.\n",
"## raven\n",
"### English\n",
"- [[Image:The Raven.jpg|thumb|right|A raven (bird).]]\n",
"From {{inh|en|enm|raven}}, {{m|enm|reven}}, from {{inh|en|ang|hræfn}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*hrabn}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*hrabnaz|t=raven}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*ḱrep-}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*ḱer-|t=to croak, crow}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|ravene}}, {{m|enm|ravine}}, from {{der|en|fro|raviner|t=rush, seize by force}}, itself from {{m|fro|ravine|t=rapine}}, from {{der|en|la|rapīna|t=plundering, loot}}, itself from {{m|la|rapere|t=seize, plunder, abduct}}.\n",
"### Dutch\n",
"- Borrowed from {{bor|nl|en|rave}}.\n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n",
"## Wiktionary:Entry layout\n",
"### Contents\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## march\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|marchen}}, from {{der|en|frm|marcher|t=to march, walk}}, from {{der|en|fro|marchier|t=to stride, to march, to trample}}, from {{der|en|frk|*markōn|t=to mark, mark out, to press with the foot}}, from {{der|en|gem-pro|*markōną|t=area, region, edge, rim, border}}, akin to {{cog|fa|مرز|tr=marz}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*merǵ-|t=edge, boundary}}. Akin to {{cog|ang|mearc}}, {{m|ang|ġemearc|t=mark, boundary}}. Compare {{m|en|mark}}, from {{inh|en|ang|mearcian}}.\n",
"- {{etymid|en|borderland}}\n",
"From {{inh|en|enm|marche|t=tract of land along a country's border}}, from {{der|en|fro|marche|t=boundary, frontier}}, from {{der|en|frk|*marku}}, from {{der|en|gem-pro|*markō}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*merǵ-|t=edge, boundary}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|merche}}, from {{inh|en|ang|merċe}}, {{m|ang|mereċe}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*marik}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*móri|t=sea}}. Cognate {{cog|gml|merk}}, {{cog|goh|merc}}, {{cog|non|merki|t=celery}}. Compare also obsolete or regional {{m|en|more#Etymology2|t=carrot or parsnip}},<ref>{{R:OED Online|march|n.1|113950|September 2000}}</ref> from {{cog|ine-pro|*mork-|t=edible herb, tuber}}.\n",
"## may\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{root|en|ine-pro|*megʰ-}}\n",
"From {{inh|en|enm|mowen}}, {{m|enm|mayen}}, {{m|enm|moȝen}}, {{m|enm|maȝen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|magan}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*magan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*maganą}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*megʰ-}}.\n",
"\n",
"Cognate with {{cog|nl|mag||may|pos=first and third-person singular of {{m|nl|mogen||to be able to, be allowed to, may}}}}, {{cog|nds|mögen}}, {{cog|de|mag||like|pos=first and third-person singular of {{m|de|mögen||to like, want, require}}}}, {{cog|sv|må}}, {{cog|is|mega}}, {{m|is|megum}}. See also {{m|en|might}}.\n",
"- {{der|en|fr|mai}}, so called because it blossoms in the month of [[May]].\n",
"- Shortening of {{m|en|maid}}, from {{m|en|maiden}}.\n",
"### Vietnamese\n",
"- Cognate with {{cog|mtq|băl}}.\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## June\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|June}}, {{m|enm|june}}, re-Latinised variants of earlier {{der|en|enm|Juyn}}, {{m|enm|juyng}}, from {{der|en|fro|juing}}, {{m|fro|juin}}, from {{der|en|la|iūnius}}, the month of the goddess {{m|la|Iuno||Juno}}, perhaps from {{der|en|ine-pro|*h₂yéwHō}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*h₂óyu||vital force, youthful vigor}}.\n",
"- Short for {{m|en|junior}}\n",
"## July\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|Julie}}, {{m|enm|julye}}, {{m|enm|iulius}}, from {{der|en|xno|julie}}, from {{der|en|fro|jule}}, {{m|fro|juil}}, from {{der|en|la|iūlius}} ({{w|Julius Caesar|Gaius Julius Caesar}}'s month), perhaps a contraction of ''*Iovilios'', \"descended from [[Jove]]\".\n",
"- A translation of the {{der|en|fr|-}} surname {{m|fr|Juillet}}.\n",
"## august\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{root|en|ine-pro|*h₂ewg-}} {{dercat|en|itc-pro|ine-pro}}\n",
"From {{der|en|fr|auguste||noble, stately; august}} or {{der|en|la|augustus||majestic, venerable, august; imperial, royal}},<ref>{{R:Lexico}}</ref> from {{m|la|augeō||to augment, increase; to enlarge, expand, spread}}. {{doublet|en|Augustus}}.\n",
"- From {{m|en|August|id=month}}.\n",
"- \n",
"### Romanian\n",
"- {{bor+|ro|la|([[mensis]]) [[augustus]]}}. Cf. also the inherited doublet {{doublet|ro|agust|gust|notext=1}}.\n",
"- {{bor+|ro|fr|auguste}}.\n",
"## day\n",
"### Middle English\n",
"- {{dercat|enm|gmw-pro|gem-pro|inh=2}}\n",
"From {{inh|enm|ang|dæġ}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*dag}}.\n",
"- \n",
"## hour\n",
"### Middle English\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## minute\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|mynute}}, {{m|enm|minute}}, {{m|enm|mynet}}, from {{der|en|fro|minute}}, from {{der|en|ML.|minūta|t=60th of an hour; note}}. {{doublet|en|menu|menudo}}.\n",
"- Borrowed from {{bor|en|la|minūtus||small\", \"petty}}, perfect passive participle of {{m|la|minuō||make smaller}}.\n",
"## swap\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|swappen|t=to swap}}, originally meaning \"to hurl\" or \"to strike\", the word alludes to striking hands together when making an exchange; probably from {{inh|en|ang|*swappian}}, a secondary form of {{inh|en|ang|swāpan||to swoop}}. Cognate with {{cog|de|schwappen||to slosh, slop}}. Compare also {{noncog|enm|swippen|t=to strike, hit}}, from {{noncog|ang|swipian|t=to scourge, strike, beat, lash}}, {{noncog|non|svipa|t=to swoop, flash, whip, look after, look around}}. More at {{m|en|swipe}}.\n",
"- From the verb {{m|en|swap}}. {{etydate|1620}}\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|swap}}, {{m|enm|swappe|t=a blow, strike, lash from a whip}}, from the verb (see Etymology 1 above).\n",
"## swop\n",
"### English\n",
"- \n",
"- {{blend|en|swing|hip-hop}}\n",
"## trade\n",
"### Galician\n",
"- From {{inh|gl|roa-opt|traado}}, independently attested (14th century); from {{inh|gl|LL.|taratrum|t=auger}}, used by {{w|Isidore of Seville}}. Probably from {{der|gl|qsb-ibe|-}} or from {{der|gl|cel-pro|*taratrom}}, from {{der|gl|ine-pro|*terh₁-|*térh₁-tro-}}.\n",
"\n",
"Cognate with {{cog|pt|trado}}, {{cog|es|taladro}}, {{cog|sga|tarathar}}, {{cog|owl|tarater}}, {{cog|br|tarar}}.\n",
"- \n",
"## deal\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|del}}, {{m|enm|dele}}, from {{inh|en|ang|dǣl|t=part, share, portion}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*daili}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*dailiz|t=part, deal}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*dʰail-||part, watershed}}.\n",
"\n",
"Cognate with {{cog|sco|dele||part, portion}}, {{cog|fy|diel||part, share}}, {{cog|nl|deel||part, share, portion}}, {{cog|de|Teil||part, portion, section}}, {{cog|da|del||part}}, [[wikipedia:Swedish_language|Swedish]] ''[[del#Swedish|del]]'' (\"part, portion, piece\") {{cog|is|deila||division, contention}}, {{cog|got|𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃||portion}}, {{cog|sl|del||part}}. Related to {{cog|ang|dāl||portion}}. More at [[dole]].\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|delen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|dǣlan|t=to divide, part}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*dailijan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*dailijaną|t=to divide, part, deal}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*dʰail-||part, watershed}}.\n",
"\n",
"{{rel-top|Cognates}}\n",
"Cognate with {{cog|fy|diele||to divide, separate}}, {{cog|nl|delen}}, {{cog|de|teilen}}, {{cog|sv|dela}}; and with {{cog|lt|dalinti||divide}}, {{cog|ru|дели́ть}}. {{rel-bottom}}\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|dele|t=plank}}, from {{der|en|gml|dele}}, from {{der|en|osx|thili}}, ultimately from {{der|en|gem-pro|*þiljǭ|t=plank, board}}; cognate with {{cog|ang|þille}}. {{doublet|en|thill}}.\n",
"### Spanish\n",
"- From {{der|es|la|deus}}.\n",
"- {{ubor|es|en|deal}}.\n",
"## merchandise\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|marchaundise|t=commerce, trading; buying, purchasing; business transaction, bargain, deal; agreement; trade, vocation; merchandise, goods, wares; possessions, wealth; reward; ability or right to carry on business; market; communication between God and humans; sale of indulgences; simony; paid advocate or orator (?)}},<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=marchaundīse|pos=n|id=16587756}}</ref> from {{der|en|xno|marchaundise}} and {{der|en|fro|marcheandise}} (modern {{cog|fr|marchandise}}), from {{der|en|fro|marcheant|t=seller, vendor}} (ultimately from {{der|en|la|mercātus|t=buying and selling, trade, traffic; market; marketplace}}, possibly originally {{der|en|ett|-}}) + {{m|fro|-ise|pos=suffix forming {{glossary|feminine}} nouns, often denoting a quality or state}}. The English word is analysable as {{suffix|en|merchant|ise}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|marchaundisen|t=to engage in commerce, traffic}},<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=marchaundīsen|pos=v|id=MED26874}}</ref> from {{m|enm|marchaundise|pos=noun}} (see [[#Etymology 1|etymology 1]]) + {{m|enm|-en|pos=suffix forming the {{glossary|infinitive}} of {{glossary|verb}}s}}.<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=-en|pos=''suf.''(3)|noformat=1|id=MED13518}}</ref>\n",
"## head\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{root|en|ine-pro|*keh₂p-}}\n",
"From {{inh|en|enm|hed}}, {{m|enm|heed}}, {{m|enm|heved}}, {{m|enm|heaved}}, from {{inh|en|ang|hēafod|hēafd-, hēafod|head; top; source, origin; chief, leader; capital}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*haubud}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*haubudą||head}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*káput-}}. The modern word comes from Old English oblique stem ''hēafd-'', the expected Modern English outcome for ''hēafod'' would be ''*heaved'' (similar to the Middle English word). {{doublet|en|caput}}, {{m|en|cape}}, {{m|en|chef}} and {{m|en|chief}}.\n",
"\n",
"{{rel-top|cognates}}\n",
"Cognate with {{cog|sco|heid}}, {{m|sco|hede}}, {{m|sco|hevid}}, {{m|sco|heved||head}}, {{cog|ang|hafola||head}}, {{cog|frr|hood||head}}, {{cog|nl|hoofd||head}}, {{cog|de|Haupt||head}}, {{cog|sv|huvud||head}}, {{cog|da|hoved||head}}, {{cog|is|höfuð||head}}, {{cog|la|caput||head}}, {{cog|sa|कपाल||skull}}, {{cog|hi|कपाल||skull}}.\n",
"{{rel-bottom}}\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|heed}}, from {{inh|en|ang|hēafod-||main}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*haubida-}}, derived from the noun {{m|gmw-pro|*haubid||head}}. Cognate with {{cog|stq|hööft-}}, {{cog|fy|haad-}}, {{cog|nl|hoofd-}}, {{cog|nds-de|höövd-}}, {{cog|de|haupt-}}.\n",
"## name\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{PIE word|en|h₁nómn̥}}\n",
"From {{inh|en|enm|name}}, {{m|enm|nome}}, from {{inh|en|ang|nama}}, {{m|ang|noma}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*namō}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*namô}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*h₁nómn̥}}.\n",
"\n",
"Cognates include {{cog|stq|Noome}}, {{cog|fy|namme}}, {{cog|nl|naam}}, {{cog|de|Name}}, {{cog|da|navn}}, {{cog|sv|namn}}, {{cog|la|nōmen}} (whence {{cog|es|nombre}}), {{cog|ru|имя}}, {{cog|sa|नामन्}}. Possible cognates outside of Indo-European include {{cog|fi|nimi}} and {{cog|hu|név}}. {{doublet|en|nomen|noun}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|namen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|namian|t=to name, mention}} and {{m|ang|ġenamian|t=to name, call, appoint}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*namōn|t=to name}}. Compare also {{cog|ang|nemnan}}, {{m|ang|nemnian|t=to name, give a name to a person or thing}}.\n",
"- Borrowed from {{bor|en|es|ñame}}, substituting ''n'' for the unfamiliar Spanish letter ''ñ''. {{doublet|en|yam}}.\n",
"### Middle Dutch\n",
"- {{dercat|dum|gmw-pro|gem-pro|inh=1}}\n",
"From {{inh|dum|odt|namo}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|dum|odt|*nāma}}, from {{inh|dum|gem-pro|*nēmō}}.\n",
"## f\n",
"### English\n",
"- [[File:Runic letter fehu.svg|40px|left|Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚠ, which was replaced by Latin ‘f’]] {{inh|en|ang|-}} lower case letter {{m|en|f}}, from 7th century replacement by Latin lower case {{m|la|f}} of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter {{m|mul|ᚠ|tr=f||fe}}.\n",
"- Abbreviations.\n",
"\n",
"{{en-preposition}}\n",
"# {{lb|en|stenoscript}} {{abbreviation of|en|for}}\n",
"# {{lb|en|stenoscript}} {{ng|prefix'' '''{{m|en|for-}}'''.}}\n",
"# {{lb|en|stenoscript}} {{ng|suffix/sequence'' '''for(e)'''.}}\n",
"### Finnish\n",
"- {{etymid|fi|letter}}\n",
"{{fi-ety-letter}}\n",
"- {{etymid|fi|note}}\n",
"[[w:Musical note#Note names and their history|German musical notation]].\n",
"### Scottish Gaelic\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"### Slovene\n",
"- From Gaj's Latin alphabet {{m|sh|f}}, from {{der|sl|cs|-}} alphabet {{m|cs|f}}, which is a modification of upper case Latin letter {{m|mul|F}}, from Greek {{der|sl|grc|-}} letter {{m|grc|Ϝ||digamma}}, derived from the {{der|sl|phn|-}} letter {{m|phn|𐤅||waw}}, from the {{der|sl|egy|-}} hieroglyph {{m|egy|𓏲}}. Pronunciation as {{IPA|sl|/fə/}} is initial Slovene (phoneme plus a fill vowel) and the second pronunciation is probably taken from {{der|sl|de|f}}.\n",
"- From {{m|en|f}}, an abbreviation for {{m|en|fuck}}, from {{der|sl|enm|*fukken}}, probably from {{der|sl|gem-pro|*fukkōną#Etymology_2}}, from {{der|sl|ine-pro|*pewǵ-|t=to strike, punch, stab}}.\n",
"- A dialectal variant of {{l|sl|v}} made by analogy to {{l|sl|s}}/{{l|sl|z}} in dialects where [{{IPAlink|w}}] turned into [{{IPAlink|v}}] and got its devoiced part, [{{IPAlink|f}}].\n",
"## fa\n",
"### Catalan\n",
"- \n",
"- From the Catalan verb {{m|ca|fer|t=to [[do]]}}.\n",
"### Italian\n",
"- \n",
"- {{wikipedia|Fa (nota)|lang=it}}\n",
"### Middle English\n",
"- From the oblique stem of {{inh|enm|ang|ġefāh}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|enm|ang|fā}}, variant of {{m|ang|fāh}}.\n",
"### Sranan Tongo\n",
"- \n",
"- Short for a phrase such as {{m|srn|fa}} {{m|srn|fu}} {{m|srn|yu}}''?'' or {{m|srn|fa}} {{m|srn|a}} {{m|srn|e}} {{m|srn|go}}''?''\n",
"### Yoruba\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## fabella\n",
"### Latin\n",
"- From {{af|la|fābula|-lus|alt2=-la|pos2=diminutive suffix}}.\n",
"- {{suffix|la|faba|ellus|gloss1=bean}}. From its bean-like shape and size, in some animals.\n",
"{{attention|la|needs declension info or RFV'ing}}\n",
"## a-\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|a-|t=up, out, away}}, from {{inh|en|ang|ā-}}, originally {{m|ang|*ar-}}, {{m|ang|*or-}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*uʀ-}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*uz-|t=out-}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*uds-|t=up, out}}. Cognate with {{cog|osx|a-}}, {{cog|de|er-}}.\n",
"- * From {{inh|en|enm|a-|t=on}}, derived from unstressed {{inh|en|enm|an|t=on}}, from {{inh|en|ang|an|t=on}}\n",
"* See [[a]] {{qualifier|preposition|on, to, in, etc.}}\n",
"- {{etymid|en|ge}}\n",
"From {{inh|en|enm|a-}}, a variant form of {{m|enm|y-}}, from {{inh|en|ang|ġe-}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*ga-}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*ga-}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*ḱóm|t=with}}.\n",
"- From {{der|en|xno|a-}}, from {{der|en|fro|e-}}, from {{der|en|la|ex-}}.\n",
"- {{etymid|en|not-aka-without-aka-opposite}}\n",
"From {{der|en|grc|ἀ-}} ({{m|grc|ἀν-}} immediately followed by a vowel).\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|a-}}, from {{der|en|frm|a-}}, from {{der|en|la|ad|t=towards}}.\n",
"- From {{der|en|la|ab|t=of, off, from, away}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|a-}}, {{m|enm|o-|t=of}}. See [[a]] {{qualifier|preposition|of}}.\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"### Catalan\n",
"- {{bor+|ca|grc|ἀ-}}.\n",
"- From {{der|ca|la|ad|t=towards}}.\n",
"### French\n",
"- {{inh+|fr|fro|a-}}, from {{inh|fr|la|ad-}}.\n",
"- From {{der|fr|grc|ἀ-}} ({{m|grc|ἀν-}} immediately preceding a vowel; generalized from the many Latin borrowings using this prefix.\n",
"### Galician\n",
"- From {{inh|gl|roa-opt|a-}}, from {{inh|gl|la|ad-}}.\n",
"- {{bor+|gl|grc|ἀ-}}, from {{der|gl|ine-pro|*n̥-}}.\n",
"### Irish\n",
"- From {{bor|ga|grc|ἀ-}} ({{m|grc|ἀν-}} immediately followed by a vowel).\n",
"- \n",
"### Italian\n",
"- {{inh+|it|la|ad-}}.\n",
"- {{bor+|it|grc|ἀ-}}.\n",
"### Latin\n",
"- \n",
"- From {{m|la|ad|t=towards}}.\n",
"### Northern Ndebele\n",
"- From {{inh|nd|bnt-pro|*gá-}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|nd|bnt-pro|*gáá-}}.\n",
"- {{rfe|nd}}\n",
"### Norwegian Bokmål\n",
"- From the first letter of the Norwegian alphabet {{m|nb|a}}, from {{der|nb|la|a}}, from {{der|nb|grc|Α|t=alpha}}, likely through the {{der|nb|ett|-}} language, from {{der|nb|phn|𐤀}}, from Proto-Canaanite [[Image:Protoalef.svg|20px]], from Proto-Sinaitic [[Image:Proto-semiticA-01.svg|20px]], from {{der|nb|egy|𓃾}}.\n",
"- From {{der|nb|grc|ἀ-||not, without}}, from {{der|nb|grk-pro|*ə-||un-, not; without, lacking}}, from {{der|nb|ine-pro|*n̥-||not, un-}}. {{doublet|nb|u-}}.\n",
"\n",
"Compare {{l|nb|an-}} ({{m|grc|ἀν-}} immediately preceding a vowel).\n",
"- {{clipping|nb|atom-}}, from the noun {{m|nb|atom||atom}}, from {{der|nb|grc|ἄτομος||indivisible, uncut, undivided}}, whereas atombombe is a calque of {{der|nb|en|atomic bomb}}.\n",
"### Old Javanese\n",
"- {{rfe|kaw}}\n",
"- {{bor+|kaw|sa|अ-|t=[[un-]], [[not]]}}\n",
"### Portuguese\n",
"- From {{inh|pt|roa-opt|a-}}, from {{inh|pt|la|ad-}}.\n",
"- {{bor+|pt|grc|ἀ-}}, from {{der|pt|ine-pro|*n̥-}}.\n",
"### Scots\n",
"- From {{inh|sco|enm|a-|t=on}}, derived from unstressed {{inh|sco|enm|an|t=on}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|an|t=on}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|sco|enm|a-}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|of-|t=off}}.\n",
"- From {{bor|sco|non|at-|t=to}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|sco|enm|a-|t=up, out, away}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|ā-}}, originally {{m|ang|*ar-}}, {{m|ang|*or-}}, from {{inh|sco|gem-pro|*uz-|t=out-}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|sco|enm|and-}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|and-|t=against, back}}, from {{inh|sco|gem-pro|*andi-|t=across, opposite, against, away}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|sco|enm|a-}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|ane|t=one}}.\n",
"- From ah!\n",
"- From {{inh|sco|enm|a-}}, from {{der|sco|frm|a-}}, from {{der|sco|la|ad|t=towards}}.\n",
"- From {{der|sco|la|ab|t=of, off, from, away}}.\n",
"### Southern Ndebele\n",
"- From {{inh|nr|bnt-pro|*gá-}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|nr|bnt-pro|*gáá-}}.\n",
"- {{rfe|nr}}\n",
"### Spanish\n",
"- {{inh+|es|la|ad-}}.\n",
"- From {{der|es|grc|ἀ-}} ({{m|grc|ἀν-}} immediately preceding a vowel; generalized from the many Latin borrowings using this prefix.\n",
"### Swahili\n",
"- From {{inh|sw|bnt-pro|*à-}}.\n",
"- \n",
"### Swazi\n",
"- From {{inh|ss|bnt-pro|*à-}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|ss|bnt-pro|*gá-}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|ss|bnt-pro|*gáá-}}.\n",
"### Xhosa\n",
"- From {{inh|xh|bnt-pro|*gá-}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|xh|bnt-pro|*gáá-}}.\n",
"- {{rfe|xh}}\n",
"- From {{inh|xh|bnt-pro|*nkà-}}.\n",
"### Zulu\n",
"- From {{inh|zu|bnt-pro|*à-}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|zu|bnt-pro|*gá-}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|zu|bnt-pro|*gáá-}}.\n",
"- Originally a reduced form of {{m|zu|la-|t=general demonstrative}}. Compare Swazi relative forms such as {{m|ss|lesi-}}, which still keep the initial ''l-''.\n",
"- From {{affix|zu|a-|t1=relative|a-|t2=class 6}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|zu|bnt-pro|*nkà-}}.\n",
"- \n",
"## aam\n",
"### Yola\n",
"- From {{inh|yol|enm|hem|am|t=them}}, from {{inh|yol|ang|heom||them}}, dative of {{m|ang|hie}}. Cognate with {{cog|en|'em}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|yol|enm|am}}, from {{inh|yol|ang|eam}}, {{m|ang|eom||am}}.\n",
"## ab-\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{bor|en|la|ab-}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*h₂epo||off, away}} ({{cog|en|off}}, {{m|en|of}}).<ref>{{R:CDOE|page=1}}\n",
"</ref> See {{cog|ine-pro|*apo-}}. {{doublet|en|apo-|off-}}.\n",
"- Abbreviation of {{m|en|absolute}}.\n",
"## ab\n",
"### English\n",
"- [[File:Rectus abdominis.png|thumb|upright|Abs]]\n",
"Abbreviation of {{m|en|abdominal}} {{m|en|muscles}}.\n",
"- Abbreviation of {{m|en|abscess}}.\n",
"- Abbreviations.\n",
"- From the spelling books and the fact that it was the first of the letter combinations.<ref name=DOA>Mathews, Mitford M, ed. A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles. 1st. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956.</ref>\n",
"### Danish\n",
"- From {{der|da|la|ab||of, from}}.\n",
"- See {{m|da|abe||to ape, mimic}}.\n",
"### German\n",
"- From {{inh|de|gmh|[[abe]], [[ab]]}}, from {{der|de|goh|ab}}, from {{der|de|gmw-pro|*ab}}, from {{der|de|gem-pro|*ab}}.\n",
"- From adverbial use of the preposition in verbs such as [[abschlagen]], [[abgehen]] etc.\n",
"### Irish\n",
"- From {{der|ga|la|abbas|t=father}}, from {{der|ga|grc|ἀββᾶς}}, from {{der|ga|arc|אַבָּא|t=father|tr=’abbā}}.\n",
"- Contraction of the relative particle {{m|ga|a}} and the prevocalic variant of the past/conditional copula particle {{m|ga|b’}}.\n",
"### Norwegian Bokmål\n",
"- From {{der|nb|de|ab||from}}, from {{der|nb|gmh|ab}}, from {{der|nb|goh|ab||of}}, from {{der|nb|gem-pro|*ab||away, away from}}, from {{der|nb|ine-pro|*h₂epó||off, away}}.\n",
"- From {{der|nb|la|ab||from, away from, on, in}}, from {{der|nb|itc-pro|*ab}}, from {{der|nb|ine-pro|*h₂epó||off, away}}.\n",
"- Abbreviation of {{m|nb|avbetaling||installment}}, verbal noun form of {{m|nb|avbetale||to pay off}}, a compound of {{compound|nb|av|betale}}, first part {{m|nb|av||of, from, by, off}}, from {{inh|nb|non|af||of, from, off, by}}, from {{inh|nb|gem-pro|*ab||away from}}, from {{inh|nb|ine-pro|*h₂epó||off, away}} + second part {{m|nb|betale||pay, purchase}}, from {{der|nb|gml|betalen||of, from, off, by}}, last part is the suffix {{m|nb|-ing||-ing}}, from {{inh|nb|non|-ingr|g=m}}, {{m|non|-ingi|g=m}}, {{m|non|-ing|g=f}}, from {{inh|nb|gem-pro|*-ingō}}, {{m|gem-pro|*-ungō}}.\n",
"## aback\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|abak}}, from {{inh|en|ang|onbæc}}, equivalent to {{prefix|en|a|gloss1=towards|back}}. Compare {{cog|fy|tebek||aback|pos=adverb|lit=to/at back}}, {{cog|sv|tillbaka}} {{gloss|idem.}}.\n",
"- From {{bor|en|la|abacus}}.\n",
"## abalienate\n",
"### Italian\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## abandon\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{root|en|ine-pro|*bʰeh₂-|id=speak}}\n",
"* From {{inh|en|enm|abandounen}}, from {{der|en|fro|abandoner}}, formed from {{m|fro|à|a|t=at, to}} + {{m|fro|bandon|t=jurisdiction, control}},<ref name=SOED>{{R:SOED5|page=2}}</ref> from {{der|en|LL.|bannum|t=proclamation}}, {{m|la|bannus}},<ref name=OCD>{{R:OCD2|page=1}}</ref> {{m|la|bandum}}, from {{der|en|frk|*ban}}, {{m|gmw-pro|*bann}}, from {{der|en|gem-pro|*bannaną|t=to proclaim, command}} (compare {{cog|en|ban}}), from {{der|en|ine-pro|*bʰeh₂-||to speak}}. See also {{m|en|ban}}, {{m|en|banal}}.\n",
"* Displaced {{noncog|enm|forleten|t=to abandon}}, from {{noncog|ang|forlǣtan}}, {{m|ang|anforlǣtan}}; see {{m|en|forlet}}; and {{noncog|enm|forleven|t=to leave behind, abandon}}, from {{noncog|ang|forlǣfan}}; see {{m|en|forleave}}.\n",
"- * From {{bor|en|fr|-}}, from {{der|en|fro|abandon}}, from {{der|en|fro|abondonner}}.\n",
"## abate\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|abaten}}, from {{der|en|xno|abatre}}, from {{der|en|LL.|abbatto|abbattere}}, from {{der|en|la|batto|battere}}.\n",
"{{rel-top|detailed etymology, sense derivation, and cognates}}\n",
"{{root|en|ine-pro|*bʰedʰ-}}\n",
"The {{glossary|verb}} is derived from {{inh|en|enm|abaten|t=to demolish, knock down; to defeat, strike down; to strike or take down (a sail); to throw down; to bow dejectedly or submissively; to be dejected; to stop; to defeat, humiliate; to repeal (a law); to dismiss or quash (a lawsuit); to lessen, reduce; to injure, impair; to appease; to decline, grow less; to deduct, subtract; to make one’s way; attack (an enemy); (''law'') to enter or intrude upon (someone’s property); of a hawk: to beat or flap the wings}}{{nb...|abate, abatie, abatien, abatye, abbate|otherforms=1}},<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=abāten, -i(en|pos=v|id=MED36}}</ref> from {{der|en|xno|abater}}, {{m|xno|abatier}}, {{m|xno|abatre}}, {{m|xno|abbatre}}, {{der|en|frm|abattre}}, {{m|frm|abatre}}, {{m|frm|abattre}}, {{der|en|fro|abatre}}, {{m|fro|abattre|t=to demolish, knock down; to bring down, cut down; to lessen, reduce; to suppress; to stop; to discourage; to impoverish, ruin; to conquer; to overthrow; to kill; to remove (money) from circulation; (''law'') to annul}}, from {{der|en|LL.|abbatto|abbattere|t=to bring down, take down; to suppress; to debase (currency)}}, from {{der|en|la|ab-|pos={{glossary|prefix}} meaning ‘away; from; away from’}} + {{der|en|la|batto|battere}}, from older {{m|la|battuo|battuere|t=to beat, hit; to beat up; to fight}}, ultimately from {{der|en|ine-pro|*bʰedʰ-|t=to dig; to stab}}).<ref>{{R:OED Online|pos=''v.''{{sup|1}}|noformat=1|id=122|date=June 2021|nodot=1}}; {{R:Lexico|pos=v}}</ref>\n",
"{{rel-bottom}}\n",
"The {{glossary|noun}} is derived from the verb.<ref>{{R:OED Online|entry=† abate|pos=n|id=121|date=December 2020}}</ref>\n",
"- From {{der|en|xno|abatre}}, probably an alteration of {{der|en|xno|-}} and {{der|en|frm|embatre}}, {{m|frm|enbatre|t=to drive or rush into; to enter into a tenement without permission}} (compare {{cog|LL.|abatare}}), from {{der|en|frm|-}}, {{der|en|fro|em-}}, {{m|fro|en-|pos={{glossary|prefix}} meaning ‘in, into’}} + {{der|en|frm|-}}, {{der|en|fro|batre|t=to beat, hit, strike}} (from {{der|en|la|battere}}, {{m|la|battuere}}, the {{glossary|present}} {{glossary|active}} {{glossary|infinitive}} of {{m|la|battuō|t=to beat, hit; to beat up; to fight}}; see further at [[#Etymology 1|etymology 1]]). The English word was probably also influenced by the {{glossary|verb}} ''abate''.<ref>{{R:OED Online|pos=''v.''{{sup|2}}|noformat=1|id=123|date=December 2020}}</ref>\n",
"- Borrowed from {{bor|en|it|abate|t=abbot}}, from {{der|en|la|abbātem}}, the {{glossary|accusative}} {{glossary|singular}} of {{m|la|abbās|t=abbot}}, from {{der|en|grc|ἀββᾶς}}, a variant of {{m|grc|ἀββᾱ|t=father; title of respect for an abbot}}, from {{der|en|arc|אַבָּא|tr=’abbā|t=father; ancestor; teacher; chief, leader; author, originator}}, from {{der|en|sem-pro|*ʔabw-|t=father}}, ultimately {{glossary|imitative}} of a child’s word for “father”. The English word is a {{doublet|en|abbot|nocap=1}}.<ref>Compare {{R:SOED5|page=2}}</ref>\n",
"### Indonesian\n",
"- A [[genericized trademark]] of a {{w|lang=en|BASF}} trademark.\n",
"- From {{bor|id|sws}}.\n",
"### Portuguese\n",
"- {{deverbal|pt|abater}}.\n",
"- \n",
"### Romanian\n",
"- {{inh+|ro|LL.|abbattō|abbattere}}, from {{inh|ro|la|battō|battere}}.\n",
"- {{bor+|ro|it|abate}}, from {{der|ro|la|abbas|abbās, abbātis}}, from {{der|ro|grc|ἀββᾶς}}, from {{der|ro|arc|אבא||father|tr=’abbā}}.\n",
"### Spanish\n",
"- From {{bor|es|it|abate}}. {{doublet|es|abad}}.\n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n",
"## abator\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{af|en|abate|-or|id2=agent noun|t1=to enter without right after the owner dies and before the heir takes over}}.<ref name=WID>{{R:MW3 1976}}</ref> From {{der|en|xno|-}}.\n",
"- From {{af|en|abate|-or|id2=agent noun|t1=do away with}}.<ref name=WID/> From {{inh|en|enm|-}}, from {{der|en|fro|-}}.\n",
"## abay\n",
"### Bikol Central\n",
"- {{inh+|bcl|poz-pro|*abay}}.\n",
"- \n",
"## abba\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|-}}, from {{der|en|la|-}}, from {{der|en|grc|-}}, from {{der|en|arc|sc=Hebr|אבא}}/{{m|arc|sc=Syrc|ܐܒܐ|tr=ʼabbāʼ||father}}; see {{m|en|abbot}}.\n",
"- Variant forms.\n",
"## abbreviate\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|abbreviaten}}, from {{der|en|la|abbreviātus}}, perfect passive participle of {{m|la|abbreviō||to shorten}}, formed from {{m|la|ad}} + {{m|la|breviō||shorten}}, from {{m|la|brevis||short}}. Alternatively, a {{back-form|en|abbreviation|nocap=1}}.<ref>{{R:CDOE|page=2}}</ref> {{doublet|en|abridge}}.\n",
"- From {{der|en|LL.|abbreviātus}}, perfect passive participle of {{m|la|abbreviō||abbreviate}}.\n",
"## abdicative\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{suffix|en|abdicate|ive}}\n",
"- From {{der|en|la|abdicativus}}.\n",
"### Latin\n",
"- From {{affix|la|abdicatīvus|-ē|gloss1=negative}}.\n",
"- \n",
"## abductor\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{suffix|en|abduct|or}}\n",
"- From {{bor|en|ML.|abductor}}, from {{m|la|abdūcō}} + {{m|la|-tor}}.\n",
"## abeam\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{prefix|en|a|beam|t1=in the direction of|t2=keel}}\n",
"- {{prefix|en|a|beam|t2=to emit beams of light}}\n",
"## abecedary\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|abscedary}}, from {{der|en|ML.|abecedārium||alphabet, ABC primer}}, from {{der|en|LL.|abecedārius||of the alphabet}}, formed from the first four letters of the Latin alphabet + {{m|la|-ārius|}}.<ref name=SOED>{{R:SOED5|page=3}}</ref>\n",
"- From {{bor|en|LL.|abecedārius}}.<ref name=\"OED Online\">{{R:OED Online|pos=''adj.'' and ''n.''<sup>2</sup>|noformat=1|id=2802124531}}</ref>\n",
"## aberrant\n",
"### Catalan\n",
"- From {{der|ca|la|aberrāns|aberrantem}}, present active participle of {{m|la|aberrō||go astray; err}}.\n",
"- \n",
"## aberrate\n",
"### Italian\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## abide\n",
"### Turkish\n",
"- From {{inh|tr|ota|آبده}}, from {{der|tr|ar|آبِدة}}, from {{m|ar|آبِد}}, active participle of {{m|ar|أَبَدَ}}.\n",
"The sense of {{m|en|monument}} first attested around 1908 with respect to the {{w|Monument of Liberty, Istanbul|Monument of Liberty (''Âbide-i Hürriyet'')}} then under construction in Istanbul.\n",
"{{root|tr|ar|ء ب د}}\n",
"- \n",
"## abiding\n",
"### English\n",
"- [[present participle|Present participle]] or [[participial adjective]] from {{affix|en|abide|pos1=verb|-ing}}; or, from {{inh|en|enm|-}} participle form of {{m|enm|abiden}}, {{m|enm|abyden||to abide}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|abydynge}}, {{m|enm|abidynge}}, {{m|enm|abidinge|-inge}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[verbal noun]] of {{m|enm|abiden}}, {{m|enm|abyden||to abide}}<nowiki>]</nowiki>,<ref>{{R:MED Online|abīding|ger|MED90|16 December 2019|date=2018}}</ref> from {{inh|en|ang|abīdung}}<ref>{{cite-book|en|first1=Francis Henry|last1=Stratmann|first2=Henry|last2=Bradley|title=A Middle-English Dictionary Containing Words Used by English Writers from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth Century|edition=new|city=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1891|entry=abīding, sb.|page=2|pageurl=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044100038934?urlappend=%3Bseq=30}}</ref>; or, verbal noun from {{affix|en|abide|pos1=verb|-ing}}.\n",
"## abject\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{PIE word|en|h₂epó}}{{root|en|ine-pro|*(H)yeh₁-}}\n",
"The {{glossary|adjective}} is derived from Late {{inh|en|enm|abiect}}, {{m|enm|abject|t=expelled, outcast, rejected, wretched|pos=adjective}}{{nb...|abiecte, abjecte, obiect|otherforms=1}},<ref>{{R:MED Online|pos=ppl|id=MED104}}</ref> from {{der|en|frm|abject|t=worthy of utmost contempt or disgust, despicable, vile; of a person: brought low, cast down; of low social position}} (modern {{cog|fr|abject}}, {{m|fr|abjet}} {{qualifier|obsolete}}), and from its {{glossary|etymon}} {{der|en|la|abiectus|t=abandoned; cast or thrown aside; dejected, downcast; ordinary, undistinguished, unimportant; (''by extension'') base, sordid; despicable, vile; humble, low; subservient}}, an adjective use of the {{glossary|perfect}} {{glossary|passive}} {{glossary|participle}} of {{m|la|abiciō|t=to discard, throw away or down; to cast or push away or aside; to abandon, give up; to belittle, degrade, humble; to lower, reduce; to overthrow, vanquish; to undervalue; to waste}}, from {{m|la|ab-|pos={{glossary|prefix}} meaning ‘away; away from; from’}} + {{m|la|iaciō|t=to cast, hurl, throw, throw away}} (ultimately from {{der|en|ine-pro|*(H)yeh₁-|t=to throw}}).<ref name=\"OED\">{{R:OED Online|pos=adj.'' and ''n|id=335|date=December 2021|nodot=1}}</ref><ref>{{R:Lexico|pos=adj}}</ref>\n",
"\n",
"The {{glossary|noun}} is derived from the adjective.<ref name=\"OED\"/>\n",
"\n",
"{{rel-top|cognates}}\n",
"* {{cog|it|abiecto}} {{qualifier|obsolete}}, {{m|it|abietto}}\n",
"* {{cog|LL.|abiectus|t=humble or poor person|pos=noun}}\n",
"* {{cog|es|abjecto}} {{qualifier|obsolete}}, {{m|es|abyecto}}\n",
"{{rel-bottom}}\n",
"- From Late {{inh|en|enm|abjecten|t=to cast out, expel}}{{nb...|abiect, abiecte|otherforms=1}},<ref>{{R:MED Online|entry=abjecten|pos=v|id=MED105}}</ref> from {{m|enm|abiect}}, {{m|enm|abject|pos=adjective}} (see [[#Etymology 1|etymology 1]]).<ref name=\"OED v\">Compare {{R:OED Online|pos=v|id=336|date=December 2021}}</ref>\n",
"\n",
"Sense 3 (“of a fungus: to give off (spores or sporidia)”) is modelled after {{noncog|de|abschleudern|t=to give off forcefully}}.<ref name=\"OED v\"/>\n",
"## able\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{root|en|ine-pro|*gʰeh₁bʰ-}}\n",
"From {{inh|en|enm|able}}, from {{der|en|fro-nor|able}}, variant of {{der|en|fro|abile}}, {{m|fro|habile}}, from {{der|en|la|habilis|t=easily managed, held, or handled; apt; skillful}}, from {{affix|la|habeō|t1=have, possess|-ibilis|nocat=1}}.\n",
"\n",
"Broadly ousted the native {{noncog|ang|magan}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|ablen}}, from {{der|en|enm|able}} (adjective).<ref>{{R:MW3 1976|page=4}}</ref>\n",
"- From the first letter of the word. Suggested in the 1916 ''United States Army Signal Book'' to distinguish the letter when communicating via telephone,<ref>{{cite-book|1916|United States Army|Signal Book|https://archive.org/details/SignalBook1916/page/n35|33|section=Conventional telephone signals}}</ref> and later adopted in other radio and telephone signal standards.\n",
"### Scots\n",
"- From {{inh|sco|enm|able}}, from {{der|sco|fro|able}}, {{m|fro|habile}}, from {{der|sco|la|habilis}}.\n",
"- \n",
"## abode\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|abod}}, {{m|ang|abad}}, from {{inh|en|ang|*ābād}}, related to {{m|ang|ābīdan||to abide}}; see {{m|en|abide}}. Cognate with {{cog|sco|abade}}, {{m|sco|abaid||abode}}. For the change of nouns, compare {{m|en|abode|id=verb}}, preterite of {{m|en|abide}}.\n",
"- From an alteration (with {{m|en|bode}}) of {{inh|en|enm|abeden||to announce}}, from {{inh|en|ang|ābēodan||to command, proclaim}}, from {{m|ang|a-}} + {{m|ang|bēodan||to command, proclaim}}. Superficial analysis is {{prefix|en|a|bode|t2=presage, portend, announce}}.\n",
"## abominate\n",
"### Italian\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## abord\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{der|en|fr|abord}}, from {{m|fr|aborder||to [[aboard]]}}.\n",
"- Alternative forms.\n",
"## abort\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{root|en|ine-pro|*h₃er-}}\n",
"From {{der|en|enm|-}}, from {{der|en|la|abortus}}, perfect active participle of {{m|la|aborior||miscarry}}, formed from {{m|la|ab}} + {{m|la|orior||come into being}}. {{doublet|en|abortus}}.\n",
"- From {{der|en|la|abortare}}, from {{m|la|abortus}}, from {{m|la|aboriri||miscarry}}, from {{m|la|ab-||not}} + {{m|la|oriri||come into being, arise, appear}}.\n",
"## abrade\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{uder|en|la|abrādō||scrape off}}, from {{m|la|ab||from, away from}} + {{m|la|rādō||scrape}}. First attested in 1677.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|abraiden}}. See {{m|en|abraid}}.\n",
"## abraid\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|abraiden}}, {{m|enm|abreiden|t=to start up, awake, move, reproach}}, from {{inh|en|ang|ābreġdan|t=to move quickly, vibrate, draw, draw from, remove, unsheath, wrench, pull out, withdraw, take away, draw back, free from, draw up, raise, lift up, start up}}, from {{der|en|gem-pro|*uz-|t=out}} + {{m|gem-pro|*bregdaną|t=to move, swing}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*bʰrēḱ-}}, {{m|ine-pro|*bʰrēǵ-|t=to shine}}, equivalent to {{prefix|en|a|braid}}. Related to {{cog|nl|breien|t=to knit}}, {{cog|de|bretten|t=to knit}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|abrede}}. More at {{l|en|abread}}.\n",
"### Scots\n",
"- Nonce corruption from {{inh|sco|enm|upbreiden}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|upbreġdan}}.\n",
"- \n",
"## abrase\n",
"### Italian\n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n",
"## abrogate\n",
"### Italian\n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n",
"## absciss\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{uder|en|la|abscissa}}, feminine of {{m|la|abscissus}}, perfect passive participle of {{m|la|abscindō||cut asunder}}.\n",
"- {{back-form|en|abscission}}.\n",
"## abscissa\n",
"### Latin\n",
"- From {{m|la|abscissus}}, perfect passive participle of {{m|la|abscindō||tear away}}.\n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n",
"## 馬\n",
"### Japanese\n",
"- <div style=\"float:right;\">\n",
"{{wikipedia|lang=ja}}\n",
"{{wikipedia|Horse}}\n",
"[[File:Nokota Horses cropped.jpg|thumb|250px|{{lang|ja|馬}} (''uma'', ''muma''): a pair of '''[[horse]]s'''.]]\n",
"</div>\n",
"{{ja-kanjitab|うま|yomi=k}}\n",
"\n",
"From {{inh|ja|ojp|-|sort=うま}},<ref name=\"KDJ\">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref> from {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*Cma|sort=うま}}. Recorded in the ''{{w|Nihon Shoki}}'' of 720 {{CE}} as having been brought over from the Korean peninsula kingdom of [[w:Baekje|Baekje]], with the earlier reading of ''ma''.<ref name=\"GYJ\">[https://gogen-yurai.jp/uma/ ウマ／馬／うま - Gogen Yurai Jiten] (in Japanese)</ref> The initial ''m'' sound was apparently emphasized,<ref name=\"KDJ\"/><ref name=\"DJR\"/><ref name=\"GYJ\"/> possibly similar to ''*mma'', becoming then ''uma'' or ''muma'', via processes also seen in the word {{m|ja|梅|tr=ume, mume|t=plum}}. However, Pellard simply reconstructs {{cog|jpx-pro|*uma}} and treats the mentioned processes as secondary.<ref>{{cite-journal|last=Pellard|first=Thomas|title=Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01289288/file/Pellard_2013_Ryukyuan_perspectives_on_the_proto-Japonic_vowel_system.pdf|editors=Frellesvig, Bjarke; Sells, Peter|journal=Japanese/Korean Linguistics|issue=20|publisher=CSLI Publications|year=2013|page=85|isbn=978-1-57586-638-3}}</ref>\n",
"\n",
"The ''ma'' sound denoting \"horse\" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, which has led some to speculate about a possible cognate root (but no consensus on any kind of relation exists). Compare {{ncog|mnc|ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ|t=horse}}, {{ncog|mn|морь|t=horse}}, {{ncog|ko|말|t=horse}}, {{ncog|cmn|馬|tr=mǎ|t=horse}}, and {{ncog|ine-pro|*márkos|t=horse}} and descendants such as {{ncog|ga|marc|t=horse|pos=archaic}} or {{ncog|en|mare|t=female horse}}. More at {{m|ine-pro|*márkos}}.<ref name=\"GYJ\"/>\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|むま|yomi=k}}\n",
"\n",
"Shift from ''uma'' form, becoming more common starting from the [[w:Heian period|Heian Period]].<ref name=\"KDJ\"/> This change later reverted, and ''muma'' is now considered obsolete.\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|んま|yomi=irr}}\n",
"Possibly from preform ''*Nma'', ultimately from {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*Cma|sort=んま}}.\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|んーま|yomi=irr}}\n",
"Possibly from preform ''*MCma'', ultimately from {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*Cma|sort=んま}}.\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|ば|yomi=kanon}}\n",
"\n",
"From {{der|ja|ltc|sort=は'|-}} {{ltc-l|馬}}. The {{m|ja|漢音|tr=[[kan'on]]}}, so a later borrowing. Compare {{cog|nan|馬|tr=bé, bée, má}} where some of the readings show a shift from initial nasal {{IPAchar|/m-/}} to voiced plosive {{IPAchar|/b-/}}.\n",
"### Vietnamese\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## 国\n",
"### Japanese\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|くに|yomi=k|alt=邦:uncommon}}\n",
"\n",
"From {{inh|ja|ojp|sort=くに|-}}, from {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*konuy|sort=くに}}. Appears in the ''{{w|Kojiki}}'' of 712,<ref>{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|国・邦}}</ref> the ''{{w|Nihon Shoki}}'' completed in 720, and the ''{{w|Man'yōshū}}'' completed some time after 759.<ref name=\"KDJ\">{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref> Perhaps related to {{cog|ltc|-}} {{ltc-l|郡|geographic region: [[commandery]], [[prefecture]]}}.\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=o|こく}}\n",
"\n",
"From {{der|ja|ltc|sort=こく|-}} {{ltc-l|國|country, nation}}.\n",
"## 数\n",
"### Japanese\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|かず|yomi=k}}\n",
"\n",
"{{rfe|ja|From {{inh|ja|ojp|-}}}}\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|すう|yomi=kanyoon}}\n",
"\n",
"From {{der|ja|ltc|sort=すう|-}} {{ltc-l|數|id=1+2}}.\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|しばしば|yomi=k}}\n",
"{{ja-see|しばしば}}\n",
"## 西\n",
"### Chinese\n",
"- {{zh-forms|alt=㢴,卤}}\n",
"The word is traditionally reconstructed to have a {{IPAchar|/*s/}}-initial in Old Chinese, e.g. {{IPAchar|/*sɯːl/}} in {{zh-ref|Zhengzhang (2003)}}. However, recent scholarship has suggested that the Old Chinese initial should instead be reconstructed as {{IPAchar|/*s-nˤ/}}, one of the reasons being {{zh-l|*西}} appears to be the phonetic in {{zh-l|迺|nǎi}}, the archaic graphic variant of {{och-l|乃}}. The new reconstruction, {{IPAchar|/*s-nˤər/}} in {{zh-ref|Baxter and Sagart (2014)}}, also accounts for how {{zh-l|*西}} can be the phonetic in {{zh-l|哂|to smile}}. For more information, see {{zh-ref|Sagart (2004)}}, {{zh-ref|Baxter and Sagart (2014)}} and {{zh-ref|Nohara (2018)}}.\n",
"\n",
"In light of the new construction with the initial consonant cluster {{IPAchar|/*s-nˤ/}}, the possibilities of the etymology of {{lang|zh|西}}, aside from being cognate with {{zh-l|棲|to roost; to rest}} (B-S OC {{IPAchar|/*s-nˤər/}}), include:\n",
"\n",
"* Related to {{cog|bo|ནེར་བ||to sink; to fall gradually}} ({{zh-ref|Unger, 1990}}).\n",
"* Related to {{cog|cdm|नेलःसा|tr=nelʔ‑|t=to go down; to sink}}, which may be the same etymon as the Written Tibetan word above ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}}).\n",
"* Related to the root {{zh-l|尼|nǐ|to stop}} (OC {{IPAchar|/*nˤərʔ/}} for intransitive form, {{IPAchar|/*nˤərʔ-s/}} for transitive form in {{zh-ref|Baxter and Sagart (2014)}}).\n",
"* Related to {{cog|bo|མནལ||sleep}} and {{cog|my|နား||to rest; to stop for a while}} ({{zh-ref|Hill, 2019}}).\n",
"* An Austroasiatic nominal n-infix derivative from the root \"go down\", as in {{cog|omx|cnis||ghat}} < {{cog|omx|cis||to go down}} , with Proto-Austroasiatic {{IPAfont|*tsn-}} > Proto-Sinitic {{IPAfont|*sn-}}. Therefore, this etymon literally means \"the place where one goes down to > Mon \"ghat\" > OC \"nest, west\". The base form is {{och-l|濟|id=2}} via Austroasiatic ({{zh-ref|Schuessler, 2007}}).\n",
"- {{zh-forms|alt=篩}}\n",
"{{rfe|zh|From English [[side]]?}}\n",
"### Japanese\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|にし|yomi=k}}\n",
"\n",
"Originally a compound of {{compound|ja|sort=にし|去に|tr1=ini|t1=[[going away]]|pos1=the {{ja-etym-renyokei|nodot=1|去ぬ|いぬ|to [[go away]]}}|し|tr2=shi|t2=[[wind]]; {{q|by extension}} [[direction]]|pos2=as seen in other ancient-derived words as {{m|ja|嵐|tr=arashi||[[storm]]|lit=wild + wind}}, {{m|ja|旋風|tr=tsumuji||[[whirlwind]]}}, {{m|ja|東|tr=higashi||[[east]]|pos=from older ''pi muka si'', literally “sun + facing + wind/direction”}}}}.<ref name=\"KDJ2\">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2}}</ref>\n",
"\n",
"First cited in the ''{{w|Kojiki}}'' of 712, with the phonetic spelling {{m|ja||爾斯|tr=nisi}}.<ref name=\"KDJ2\"/>\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|しゃー|yomi=irr|sort=しやあ}}\n",
"Possibly a corruption of {{bor|ja|cmn|sort=しやあ|西|tr=xī||[[west]]}}.\n",
"## 車\n",
"### Japanese\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|yomi=o|しゃ}}\n",
"\n",
"From {{der|ja|ltc|-}} {{ltc-l|車|id=2}}.\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|くるま|yomi=k}}\n",
"\n",
"From {{inh|ja|ojp|sort=くるま|-}}. Appears in the ''{{w|Man'yōshū}}'' completed some time after 759 {{CE}}, with the ideographic spelling {{lang|ja|車}}.<ref>{{RQ:Manyoshu|4|694}}, text [http://jti.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/manyoshu/Man4Yos.html#694 here]</ref>\n",
"\n",
"Assuming an initial meaning of {{m|en|wheel}}, may be a compound of {{compound|ja|sort=くるま|くる|tr1=kuru|pos1=related to spinning or rotating, as in {{m|ja|繰る|tr=kuru||to spin (as in thread)}}, {{m|ja|枢|tr=kuru||hinge}}, {{m|ja|くるくる|tr=kurukuru||spinningly, round and round}}, {{m|ja|転めく|tr=kurumeku||to spin round and round, to rotate; to be dizzy}}|ま|tr2=ma|pos2=a suffix added to various parts of speech to form an indeclinable word indicating state}}.\n",
"### Korean\n",
"- From {{der|ko|ltc|sort=차|-}} {{ltc-l|車|id=2}}.\n",
"{{hanja-ety\n",
"|dk={{okm-inline|챵|chyà}}\n",
"|m={{okm-inline|챠|chyà}}\n",
"|mh={{lang|zh|又音}}\n",
"|ml=車輿#중26A\n",
"|jh={{m|ko|챠}}\n",
"|jhh={{m|ko|[[수레|수뤼]]}}\n",
"}}\n",
"- From {{der|ko|ltc|sort=거|-}} {{ltc-l|車|id=1}}.\n",
"{{hanja-ety\n",
"|dk={{okm-inline|겅|kè}}\n",
"|m={{okm-inline|거|kè}}\n",
"|mh={{okm-inline|술위〮|swùlGwúy}}\n",
"|ml=車輿#중26A\n",
"|jh={{m|ko|거}}\n",
"|jhh={{m|ko|[[수레|수뤼]]}}\n",
"}}\n",
"## on\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{root|en|ine-pro|*h₂en-}}\n",
"From {{inh|en|enm|on}}, from {{inh|en|ang|on}}, {{m|ang|an||on, upon, onto, in, into}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*ana}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*ana||on, at}}, from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*h₂en-}}.\n",
"\n",
"Cognate with {{cog|frr|a||on, in}}, {{cog|stq|an||on, at}}, {{cog|fy|oan||on, at}}, {{cog|nl|aan||on, at, to}}, {{cog|nds|an||on, at}}, {{cog|de|an||to, at, on}}, {{cog|sv|å||on, at, in}}, {{cog|fo|á||on, onto, in, at}}, {{cog|is|á||on, in}}, {{cog|got|𐌰𐌽𐌰}}, {{cog|grc|ἀνά||up, upon}}, {{cog|sq|në||in}}; and from {{der|en|non|upp á}}: {{cog|da|på}}, {{cog|sv|på}}, {{cog|no|på}}, see {{m|en|upon}}.\n",
"- From {{der|en|non|ón}}, {{m|non|án||without}}, from {{der|en|gem-pro|*ēnu}}, {{m|gem-pro|*ēno}}, {{m|gem-pro|*ino||without}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*ḗnu||without}}. Cognate with {{cog|frr|on||without}}, {{cog|dum|an}}, {{m|dum|on||without}}, {{cog|gml|āne||without}}, {{cog|de|ohne||without}}, {{cog|got|𐌹𐌽𐌿||without, except}}, {{cog|grc|ἄνευ||without}}.\n",
"- From {{der|en|ja|音読み|tr=on'yomi|lit=sound reading}}.\n",
"### Karaim\n",
"- From {{inh|kdr|trk-pro|*ōn}}. Compare to {{cog|crh|on}}, {{cog|krc|он}}, {{cog|kum|он}}, {{cog|uum|он|tr=on}}, etc.\n",
"- From {{inh|kdr|trk-pro|*oŋ}}. Compare to {{cog|crh|oñ}}, {{cog|krc|онг}}, {{cog|kum|онг}}, {{cog|uum|он|tr=on}}, etc.\n",
"### Middle English\n",
"- From {{inh|enm|ang|on|on, an}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*an}}, from {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*ana||on, at}}.\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## quiz\n",
"### Portuguese\n",
"- {{ubor|pt|en|quiz}}.\n",
"- \n",
"## raptor\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{der|en|la|raptor||thief}}.\n",
"- Popularized (and possibly coined) in 1990 by {{w|Michael Crichton}} in ''[[w:Jurassic Park (novel)|Jurassic Park]]''; {{clipping|en|velociraptor|nocap=1}}, ultimately of the same etymology as above.\n",
"### Portuguese\n",
"- {{lbor|pt|la|raptor}}.\n",
"- {{bor+|pt|en|raptor}}\n",
"## week\n",
"### Dutch\n",
"- From {{inh|nl|dum|wēke}}, from {{inh|nl|odt|*wika}}, from {{inh|nl|gmw-pro|*wikā}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*wikǭ}}, from {{der|nl|ine-pro|*weyg-||to bend, wind, turn, yield}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|nl|dum|wêec}}, from {{inh|nl|odt|*wēk}}, from {{inh|nl|gmw-pro|*waikw}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*waikwaz}}.\n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n",
"## leap\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|lepen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|hlēapan}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*hlaupan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*hlaupaną}}. {{doublet|en|lope|lowp|elope|gallop|galop|interlope|loop}}.\n",
"\n",
"Cognate with {{cog|fy|ljeppe||to jump}}, {{cog|nl|lopen||to run; to walk}}, {{cog|de|laufen||to run; to walk}}, {{cog|da|løbe}}, {{cog|nb|løpe}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*klewb-||to spring, stumble}} (compare {{cog|lt|šlùbti}} ‘to become lame’, {{m|lt|klùbti}} ‘to stumble’).\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|lep}}, from {{inh|en|ang|lēap|t=basket}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*laup}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laupaz|t=container, basket}}. Cognate with {{cog|is|laupur|t=basket}}.\n",
"## nu\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{der|en|grc|νῦ}}, name for the letter of the Greek alphabet {{m|el|Ν}} and {{m|el|ν}}.\n",
"- Borrowed from {{bor|en|yi|נו}}.\n",
"- Phonetic respelling of {{m|en|new}}.\n",
"### Alemannic German\n",
"- From {{inh|gsw|gmh|nūn}}, from {{inh|gsw|gmh|niuwan}}, variant of {{m|gmh|niuwar}}, from {{inh|gsw|goh|niwāri}}. Cognate with {{cog|de|nur}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|gsw|gmh|nu}}, from {{inh|gsw|goh|nu}}. Cognate with {{cog|de|nun}}.\n",
"- Historical or dialectal variants.\n",
"### Dalmatian\n",
"- From {{inh|dlm|la|novem}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|dlm|la|nōs}}.\n",
"### Dutch\n",
"- From {{inh|nl|dum|nu}}, from {{inh|nl|odt|nū}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*nu}}.\n",
"- From {{bor|nl|grc|νῦ}}. {{doublet|nl|noen}}.\n",
"### French\n",
"- {{inh+|fr|fro|nu}}, from {{inh|fr|la|nūdus}}, from {{inh|fr|ine-pro|*nogʷós}}.\n",
"- From {{der|fr|grc|νῦ}}.\n",
"### German\n",
"- From {{der|de|gmh|nu}}, {{m|gmh|nuo}}. The form without a final ''-n'' remained common in some dialects and was reinforced by {{der|de|nds-de|nu}}, from {{der|de|gml|nû}}.\n",
"- From a Slavic dialect, probably [[Sorbian]]. Compare {{cog|cs|ano||yes}}, {{cog|pl|no||yeah; well}}, {{cog|ru|ну||yeah; well}}. In the sense of a filled pause touching on etymology 1 above.\n",
"### Lashi\n",
"- From {{inh|lsi|tbq-lob-pro}}, from {{inh|lsi|sit-pro|*ŋwa}}. Cognates include {{cog|my|နွား}} and {{cog|zh|牛|tr=niú}}.\n",
"- \n",
"### Norwegian Bokmål\n",
"- \n",
"- From {{inh|nb|non|nú}}.\n",
"### Norwegian Nynorsk\n",
"- \n",
"- From {{inh|nn|non|nú}}.\n",
"### Phalura\n",
"- {{rfe|phl}}\n",
"- {{rfe|phl}}\n",
"## 酉\n",
"### Japanese\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|とり|yomi=k}}\n",
"{{wp|lang=ja}}\n",
"From {{m|ja|鶏|tr=niwatori, tori||[[chicken]]}}, from {{m|ja|庭|tr=niwa||[[garden]]}} + {{m|ja|鳥|tr=tori||[[bird]]}}.\n",
"- {{ja-kanjitab|ゆう|yomi=o}}\n",
"From {{der|ja|ltc|酉|tr=yuw<sup>X</sup>|sort=ゆう}}.\n",
"## lente\n",
"### French\n",
"- {{inh+|fr|VL.||*lenditem}}, alteration of {{inh|fr|LL.|lendis|lendinem}}, itself an alteration of Classical {{inh|fr|la|lens|lendem}}.\n",
"- \n",
"### Interlingua\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"### Italian\n",
"- Inflected form of {{m|it|lento}}.\n",
"- First attested 17th century. {{bor+|it|la|lens|lentem|lentil}}, in Medieval Latin later taking on the sense of \"lens\".\n",
"## zomer\n",
"### Dutch\n",
"- From {{inh|nl|dum|sōmer}}, from {{inh|nl|odt|*sumar}}, from {{inh|nl|gem-pro|*sumaraz}}.\n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n",
"## été\n",
"### French\n",
"- {{inh+|fr|fro|esté}}, from {{inh|fr|la|aestās|aestātem}}, ultimately from {{der|fr|ine-pro|*h₂eydʰ-||burn; fire}}.\n",
"- {{inh+|fr|fro|esté}}, past participle of {{m|fro|ester||to stand, to be (stative)}} (which was conflated with {{m|fro|estre}} in Old French); from {{inh|fr|la|stātus}}, past participle of {{m|la|stāre||to stand}}. Compare also the noun {{doublet|fr|état|notext=1}}.\n",
"## bone\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|bon}}, from {{inh|en|ang|bān|t=bone, tusk; the bone of a limb}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*bainą|t=bone}}, from {{m|gem-pro|*bainaz|t=straight}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*bʰeyh₂-|t=to hit, strike, beat}}.\n",
"\n",
"Cognate with {{cog|sco|bane}}, {{m|sco|been}}, {{m|sco|bean}}, {{m|sco|bein}}, {{m|sco|bain|t=bone}}, {{cog|frr|bien||bone}}, {{cog|fy|bien|t=bone}}, {{cog|nl|been|t=bone; leg}}, {{cog|nds-de|Been}}, {{m|nds-de|Bein|t=bone}}, {{cog|de|Bein|t=leg}}, {{cog|de|Gebein|t=bones}}, {{cog|sv|ben|t=bone; leg}}, {{cog|no|-}} and {{cog|is|bein|t=bone}}, {{cog|br|benañ|t=to cut, hew}}, {{cog|la|perfinēs|t=break through, break into pieces, shatter}}, {{cog|ae|𐬠𐬫𐬈𐬥𐬙𐬈|t=they fight, hit}}. Related also to {{cog|non|beinn|t=straight, right, favourable, advantageous, convenient, friendly, fair, keen}} (whence {{cog|enm|bain}}, {{m|enm|bayne}}, {{m|enm|bayn}}, {{m|enm|beyn|t=direct, prompt}}, {{cog|sco|bein}}, {{m|sco|bien|t=in good condition, pleasant, well-to-do, cosy, well-stocked, pleasant, keen}}), {{cog|is|beinn|t=straight, direct, hospitable}}, {{cog|no|bein|t=straight, direct, easy to deal with}}. See {{l|en|bain}}, {{l|en|bein}}.\n",
"- {{unk|en}}; probably related in some way to Etymology 1, above.\n",
"- Borrowed from {{bor|en|fr|bornoyer||to look at with one eye, to sight}}, from {{m|fr|borgne||one-eyed}}.\n",
"- {{clipping|en|trombone}}\n",
"### Danish\n",
"- From {{bor|da|nds|-}} and {{der|da|gml|bōnen}}, from {{der|da|osx|*bōnian}}, from {{der|da|gmw-pro|*bōnijan|t=to polish}}.\n",
"- Derived from the noun {{m|da|bon||receipt}}, from {{der|da|fr|bon||voucher, ticket}}.\n",
"### Middle English\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## punkin\n",
"### Finnish\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## robot\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{der|en|de|Robot}}, from a West Slavonic language, ultimately related to Etymology 2, below.\n",
"- {{etymid|en|R.U.R.}}\n",
"{{root|en|ine-pro|*h₃erbʰ-}}\n",
"Borrowed from {{bor|en|cs|robot}}, from {{m|cs|robota||drudgery, servitude}}. Coined in the 1920 science-fiction play ''{{w|R.U.R.|R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)}}'' by {{w|Karel Čapek}} after having been suggested to him by his brother {{w|Josef Čapek|Josef}}, and taken into English without change.<ref>{{cite-web |url=https://blog.archive.org/2021/03/24/major-scifi-discovery-hiding-in-plain-sight-at-the-internet-archive/ |title=Major SciFi Discovery Hiding in Plain Sight at the Internet Archive |last=Adams |first=Caralee |date=2021-03-24 |publisher={{w|Internet Archive}} |work=Internet Archive Blogs |lang=en}}</ref>\n",
"- Referencing the origin of the name of the {{w|4chan}} imageboard {{w|/r9k/}} (created in 2008), so-called because it implements the {{w|ROBOT9000}} algorithm by {{w|Randall Munroe}} to prevent the reposting of content.\n",
"\n",
"Possibly overlapping with the sense of {{m|en|robot||a person who does not seem to have any emotions}}, alluding to {{w|High-functioning autism|autism}}, due to the prevalence of personal stories describing awkward or embarrassing situations on the board.\n",
"### Hungarian\n",
"- From {{der|hu|bar|robat}}, {{m|bar|robold}}, from {{der|hu|cs|robota||forced labour, drudgery}}.\n",
"- From {{der|hu|cs|robot}}, from {{m|cs|robota||forced labour, drudgery}}. Coined in the 1921 science-fiction play [[W:R.U.R.|R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots)]] by {{w|Karel Čapek}}.{{cln|hu|terms derived from fiction}}\n",
"## y\n",
"### English\n",
"- \n",
"- Abbreviations.\n",
"\n",
"'''{{PAGENAME}}'''\n",
"# {{lb|en|stenoscript}} the sound sequence /ɔɪ̯/.\n",
"# {{lb|en|stenoscript}} {{abbreviation of|en|why}}\n",
"# {{lb|en|stenoscript}} the prefix '''''{{m|en|-ry}}''''' or '''-rry'''.\n",
"### Cornish\n",
"- From {{inh|kw|cel-bry-pro|*eið}}, from {{inh|kw|cel-pro|*esyo|g=m}} and {{m|cel-pro|*esyās|g=f}}; compare {{cog|sga|a||his, her, its, their}} and {{cog|sa|अस्य||his, its|tr=asyá}} and {{m|sa|अस्यास्||her|tr=asyā́s}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|kw|cel-pro|*eyes}}, plural of {{m|cel-pro|*es}}, from {{inh|kw|ine-pro|*éy}}. Cognate with {{cog|br|int|i(nt)}}, {{cog|ga|iad|ia(d)}} and {{cog|cy|hwy}}\n",
"- From {{inh|kw|cel-pro|*ide-}} (compare {{cog|br|e}}, {{m|br|ez}}, {{cog|cy|y}}, {{m|kw|yth}}, {{cog|sga|id}}), from {{inh|cy|ine-pro|*h₁i-dʰei-}} (compare {{cog|la|ibi||here}}, {{cog|ae|𐬌𐬛𐬁||here, in the same way}}, and {{cog|sa|इह|tr=ihá||here}}).\n",
"### French\n",
"- From {{m|fr|i grec||Greek i}}, referring to the letter [[upsilon]] ([[Υ]]), originally borrowed from the Greek alphabet, as opposed to \"Latin i\" ([[I]]).\n",
"- 10th century; from {{inh|fr|fro|i}}, from {{inh|fr|la|hīc||here}} (ultimately from {{der|fr|ine-pro|*ǵʰi-ḱe||this, here}}), with meaning influenced by {{der|fr|fro|iv||there, thither}}, itself from {{inh|fr|la|ibī}}. Derivation from the latter poses difficulty from a phonetic standpoint. Compare {{cog|ca|hi}}.\n",
"- [[eye dialect|Eye dialect]] spelling or [[contraction]] of {{m|fr|il}} and {{m|fr|ils}}.\n",
"### Middle English\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"### Norwegian Nynorsk\n",
"- From {{inh|nn|non|ýr}}, from {{inh|nn|gem-pro|*īhwaz}}. Akin to {{cog|en|yew}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|nn|non|úa}}, influenced by {{m|nn|kry}}.\n",
"### Old Tupi\n",
"- {{inh+|tpw|tup-gua-pro|*tɨ||liquid, urine}}, from {{inh|tpw|tup-pro|*tˀɨ||liquid, urine}}. {{doublet|tpw|ty}}.<ref name=correa>{{R:tup:CorrêaDaSilva|pages=403–404}}</ref><ref>{{R:tup:Nikulin 2020}}</ref>\n",
"\n",
"Cognate with {{cog|mav|hɨ||river}}, {{cog|gn|ty||urine}}.\n",
"- {{inh+|tpw|tup-gua-pro|*tɨ||river}}, from {{inh|tpw|tup-pro|*it͡ʃˀɨ||river}}.<ref name=correa/><ref>{{R:tup:Rodrigues}}</ref>\n",
"\n",
"Cognate with {{cog|awe|hɨ||river}} and {{cog|mav|ihɨ||river}}.\n",
"### Spanish\n",
"- \n",
"- {{inh+|es|osp|è}} or {{m|osp|e}}, from {{inh|es|la|et}}.\n",
"### Tagalog\n",
"- From {{bor|tl|es|y}}. Each pronunciation has a different source:\n",
"* Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by {{der|tl|en|y}}.\n",
"* Abakada alphabet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character {{m|tl|{{tl-bay sc|ya}}}}.\n",
"* Abecedario pronunciation is from {{der|tl|es|y}}.\n",
"- {{bor+|tl|es|y}}.\n",
"### Vietnamese\n",
"- {{vi-etym-sino|伊}}.\n",
"- {{vi-etym-sino|依}}.\n",
"- {{vi-etym-sino|醫|}}.\n",
"### Welsh\n",
"- \n",
"- From {{inh|cy|wlm|y}}, {{m|wlm|yr}}, from {{inh|cy|owl|ir}}, ultimately from {{der|cy|cel-pro|*sindos}}.\n",
"- {{etymid|cy|particle}}\n",
"Merger of two formerly distinct particles, {{m|cy|ydd}} and {{m|cy|yd}}.\n",
"* (1) from earlier {{m|cy|ydd}}, from {{inh|cy|wlm|yð}}, from {{inh|cy|cel-pro|*ide-}} (compare {{cog|br|e}}, {{m|br|ez}}, {{cog|kw|y}}, {{m|kw|yth}}, {{cog|sga|id}}), from {{inh|cy|ine-pro|*h₁i-dʰei-}} (compare {{cog|la|ibi||here}}, {{cog|ae|𐬌𐬛𐬁||here, in the same way}}, and {{cog|sa|इह|tr=ihá||here}}).\n",
"* (2) from earlier {{m|cy|yd}}, from {{inh|cy|wlm|yt}}, from {{inh|cy|owl|it}}, from {{inh|cy|cel-pro|*ita-}} (compare {{cog|br|e}}, {{m|br|ez}}); akin to {{cog|la|ita||so, thus}}, dialectal {{cog|lt|it||as}}, and {{cog|sa|íti||thus, in this manner}}.\n",
"## the\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{root|en|ine-pro|*só}}From {{inh|en|enm|þe}}, from {{inh|en|ang|þē||the, that|pos=[[demonstrative pronoun]]|g=m}}, a late variant of {{m|ang|sē}}, the ''s-'' (which occurred in the masculine and feminine nominative singular only) having been replaced by the ''þ-'' from the oblique stem.\n",
"{{rel-top|replaced words, cognates}}\n",
"Originally neutral nominative, in Middle English it superseded all previous Old English nominative forms ({{m|ang|sē|g=m}}, {{m|ang|sēo|g=f}}, {{m|ang|þæt|g=n}}, {{m|ang|þā|g=p}}); {{m|ang|sē}} is from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*siz}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*sa}}, ultimately from {{inh|en|ine-pro|*só}}.\n",
"\n",
"Cognate with {{cog|stq|die|t=the}}, {{cog|fy|de|t=the}}, {{cog|nl|de|t=the}}, {{cog|nds-de|de|t=the}}, {{cog|de|der|t=the}}, {{cog|da|de|t=the}}, {{cog|sv|de|t=the}}, {{cog|is|sá|t=that}} within Germanic and with {{cog|sa|sá|t=the, that}}, {{cog|grc|ὁ|t=the}}, {{cog|txb|se|t=this}} among other Indo-European languages<ref>{{R:ine:LIPP|volume=2|pages=732-733}}</ref>.\n",
"{{rel-bottom}}\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|the}}, {{m|enm|thy}}, {{m|enm|thi}}, from {{inh|en|ang|þe|þē̆}}, probably a neuter instrumental form (\"by that, thereby\")—alongside the more common {{m|ang|þȳ}} and {{m|ang|þon}}—of the demonstrative pronoun {{m|ang|sē}} (\"that\"). Compare {{cog|nl|des te|des ''te''}} (\"the, the more\"), {{cog|de|desto|des''to''}} (\"the, all the more\"), {{cog|no|fordi|for''di''}} (\"because\"), {{cog|is|því||the; because}}, {{cog|fo|tí}}, {{cog|sv|ty}}.\n",
"- {{rfe|en}}\n",
"### Middle English\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"### Old Saxon\n",
"- From {{inh|osx|gem-pro|*sa}}. The original ''s-'' was replaced by ''th-'' by analogy with the other forms, but still preserved in the variant {{m|osx|sē}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|osx|gem-pro|*þa}}, from {{inh|osx|ine-pro|*tó}}, {{m|ine-pro|*te-}}.\n",
"### Vietnamese\n",
"- {{vi-etym-sino|紗||hv=n|sa}}.\n",
"- \n",
"## absent\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{root|en|ine-pro|*h₁es-}}\n",
"From {{inh|en|enm|absent}}, from {{der|en|frm|absent}}, from {{der|en|fro|ausent|}}, and their source, {{der|en|la|absens|}}, present participle of {{m|la|absum||to be away from}}, from {{m|la|ab||away}} + {{m|la|sum||to be}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|absenten}}, from {{der|en|fro|absenter}}, from {{der|en|LL.|absentāre||keep away, be away}}.\n",
"## absenter\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{suffix|en|absent|er|id2=agent noun}}\n",
"- \n",
"## abstinent\n",
"### English\n",
"- First attested in the late 14th century as {{inh|en|enm|abstinent}}, {{m|enm|abstynent}}, from {{der|en|fro|abstinent}}, from {{der|en|la|abstinēns}}, present participle of {{m|la|abstineō}}. See [[abstain]].\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|abstinent}} (adjective form).\n",
"## abut\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|abutten}}, from {{der|en|ML.|abuttare}} and {{der|en|fro|abuter}}, {{m|fro|aboter}}, {{m|fro|abouter||to touch at one end, to come to an end, aim, reach}},<ref name=WI3/><ref name=RHD>{{R:RHCD|page=7}}</ref> from {{der|en|fro|but||end, aim, purpose}}; akin to {{cog|non|butr||piece of wood}}<ref name=WI3/>. Equivalent to {{prefix|en|a|butt|t1=to|t2=boundary mark}}.<ref name=SOED>{{R:SOED5|page=11}}</ref>\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|abutten}},<ref name=AHD>{{R:American Heritage Dictionary|edition=1971|page=6}}</ref> from {{der|en|fro|aboter||to touch at one end, border on}},<ref name=WI3>{{R:MW3 1976|page=8}}</ref> {{m|fro|abouter||to join end to end}}, {{m|fro|abuter||to buttress, to put an end to}}, from {{m|fro|a-||towards}} + {{m|fro|bout||end}}, {{m|fro|boter}}, {{m|fro|bouter||to strike}},<ref name=OCD>{{R:OCD2|page=5}}</ref> {{m|fro|buter||to strike, finish}}.<ref name=AHD/> Equivalent to {{prefix|en|a|butt|t1=towards, change to|t2=push}}<ref name=SOED/>\n",
"## accept\n",
"### Romanian\n",
"- {{bor+|ro|de|Akzept}}, from {{der|ro|la|acceptus}}.\n",
"- \n",
"## acceptor\n",
"### Latin\n",
"- {{suffix|la|accipiō|-tor}}.\n",
"- \n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n",
"## accessive\n",
"### English\n",
"- \n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n",
"## accidental\n",
"### Fala\n",
"- From {{af|fax|accidenti|-al}}.\n",
"- From {{af|fax|accidenti|-al}}.\n",
"## acclimate\n",
"### Italian\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## rag week\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{compound|en|rag|week|gloss1=university students society run for charitable fundraising}}, possibly from the verb {{m|en|rag||tease; torment; banter}}.\n",
"- From {{compound|en|rag|week|gloss1=piece of old cloth}}. From the former use, by women, of rags to protect their clothing from menstrual blood.\n",
"## alien\n",
"### Middle English\n",
"- From {{bor|enm|fro|alien}}, {{m|fro|aliene}}, from {{der|enm|la|aliēnus}}. Some forms (chiefly nominal) show assimilation to the suffix {{m|enm|-ant}}.\n",
"- From {{bor|enm|fro|alier}}.\n",
"## pez\n",
"### Old Spanish\n",
"- From {{inh|osp|la|picem}}, accusative of {{m|la|pix}}.\n",
"- {{inh+|osp|la|piscis|piscem}}, from {{inh|osp|ine-pro|*peysḱ-}}.\n",
"### Spanish\n",
"- {{inh+|es|osp|pez}}, from {{inh|es|la|pix|picem}}, from {{inh|es|ine-pro|*pik-||resin}}, from {{m|ine-pro|*pi-||sap, juice}}.\n",
"- {{wikipedia|lang=es}}\n",
"[[File:Pink salmon FWS.jpg|thumb|pez]]\n",
"{{inh+|es|osp|pez}}, from {{inh|es|la|piscis|piscem}}, from {{inh|es|ine-pro|*peysḱ-}}. Compare {{m|es|peje}}, {{cog|it|pesce}}, {{cog|pt|peixe}}, {{cog|ro|pește}}.\n",
"## season\n",
"### English\n",
"- {{root|en|ine-pro|*seh₁-|id=sow}}\n",
"From {{inh|en|enm|sesoun|sesoun, seson|time of the year}}, from {{der|en|fro|seson|seson, saison|time of sowing, seeding}}, from {{der|en|la|satiō||act of sowing, planting}} from {{m|la|satum}}, past participle of {{m|la|serō||to sow, plant}} from {{der|en|ine-pro|*seh₁-||to sow, plant}}. Akin to {{cog|ang|sāwan||to sow}}, {{m|ang|sǣd||seed}}. Displaced native {{cog|enm|sele||season}} (from {{cog|ang|sǣl||season, time, occasion}}), {{cog|enm|tide||season, time of year}} (from {{cog|ang|tīd||time, period, yeartide, season}}).\n",
"- From {{bor|en|fr|assaisonner}}.\n",
"## summer\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{der|en|enm|somer}}, {{m|enm|sumer}}, from {{der|en|ang|sumor||summer}}, from {{der|en|gmw-pro|*sumar}}, from {{der|en|gem-pro|*sumaraz||summer}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro||*sm̥-h₂-ó-}}, oblique of {{m|ine-pro|*semh₂-||summer, year}}.\n",
"\n",
"Cognate with {{cog|sco|somer}}, {{m|sco|sumer}}, {{m|sco|simer||summer}}, {{cog|fy|simmer||summer}}, {{cog|stq|Suumer||summer}}, {{cog|nl|zomer||summer}}, {{cog|nds|Sommer||summer}}, {{cog|de|Sommer||summer}}, {{cog|da|-}} and {{cog|nb|sommer||summer}}, {{cog|sv|sommar||summer}}, {{cog|nn|-}} and {{cog|is|sumar||summer}}, {{cog|cy|haf||summer}}, {{cog|hy|ամ||year}}, {{m|hy|ամառ||summer}}, {{cog|sa|समा|tr=sámā||a half-year, season, weather, year}},\n",
"{{cog|ae|𐬵𐬀𐬨|tr=ham-||t=summer}}, {{cog|pal|ḥʾmyn|tr=hāmīn||t=summer}}, {{cog|kmr|havîn|t=summer}}, {{cog|ckb|ھاوین|t=summer}}.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|somer}}, from {{der|en|xno|summer}}, {{m|fro|sumer}}, from {{der|en|VL.|saumarius|saumārius}}, for {{der|en|LL.|sagmārius}}, from {{der|en|la|sagma||sum}}. Compare {{m|en|sumpter}}.\n",
"- {{affix|en|sum|-er|id2=agent noun}}\n",
"## spring\n",
"### English\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|springen}}, from {{inh|en|ang|springan|t=to spring, leap, bounce, sprout forth, emerge, spread out}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*springan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*springaną|t=to burst forth}}, from {{der|en|ine-pro|*spre(n)ǵʰ-|t=to move, race, spring}}, from {{m|ine-pro|*sper-|t=to jerk, twitch, snap, shove}}. Cognate with {{cog|stq|springe}}, {{cog|fy|springe}}, {{cog|nl|springen}}, {{cog|nds-de|springen}}, {{cog|de|springen}}, {{cog|da|springe}}, {{cog|sv|springa}}, {{cog|no|springe}}, {{cog|fo|springa}}, {{cog|is|springa|t=to burst, explode}}.\n",
"\n",
"Other possible cognates include {{cog|lt|spreñgti||to [[push]] (in)}}, {{cog|cu|прѧсти||to [[spin]], to [[stretch]]}}, {{cog|la|spargere||to [[sprinkle]], to [[scatter]]}}, {{cog|grc|σπέρχω||to [[hasten]]}}, {{cog|sa|स्पृहयति|tr=spṛháyati||to be [[eager]]}}. Some newer senses derived from the noun.\n",
"- From {{inh|en|enm|spryng|t=a [[wellspring]], [[tide]], [[branch]], [[sunrise]], [[kind]] of [[dance]] or [[blow]], [[ulcer]], [[snare]], [[flock]]}}; partly from {{inh|en|ang|spring|t=[[wellspring]], [[ulcer]]}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*spring}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*springaz|t=a wellspring, fount}}; and partly from {{inh|en|ang|spryng||a [[jump]]}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*sprungi}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*sprungiz|t=a jump}}. Further senses derived from the verb and from clippings of {{m|en|day-spring}}, {{m|en|springtime}}, {{m|en|spring tide}}, etc. Its sense as the season, first attested in a work predating 1325, gradually replaced Middle English {{m|enm|lente}}, {{m|enm|lentin}}, from Old English {{m|ang|lencten||spring, [[Lent]]}} as that word became more specifically liturgical. Compare {{m|en|fall}}.\n",
"### Middle English\n",
"- \n",
"- \n",
"## libre\n",
"### Galician\n",
"- From {{inh|gl|roa-opt|libre}}, {{m|roa-opt|livre}} (13th century, ''{{w|Cantigas de Santa Maria}}''), from {{inh|gl|la|līber}}.\n",
"- \n",
"### Middle French\n",
"- From {{inh|frm|fro|libre}}, from {{der|frm|la|līber}}.\n",
"- From {{der|frm|la|lībra}}.\n",
"### Spanish\n",
"- Probably {{bor+|es|la|līber|nocap=1}}, from {{der|es|itc-ola|loeber}}, from {{der|es|itc-pro|*louðeros}}, from {{der|es|ine-pro||*h₁lewdʰ-er-os}}, from {{m|ine-pro|*h₁lewdʰ-||people}}.\n",
"- {{nonlemma}}\n"
],
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"<IPython.core.display.Markdown object>"
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"source": [
"Markdown(formatted_etymology_data) # Print formatted entries in Markdown"
]
},
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"source": []
},
{
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"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"English: LL.\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import re\n",
"\n",
"def extract_etymology(etymology_text):\n",
" # Language code to full name mapping\n",
" language_codes = {\n",
" \"en\": \"English\",\n",
" \"grc\": \"Greek\",\n",
" \"LL.\": \"Latin\" # Adjusted as per your mapping\n",
" }\n",
"\n",
" # Regex pattern to extract relevant information from the etymology text\n",
" template_regex = r'\\{\\{(bor|der|af|inh)\\|([a-zA-Z\\.]+)\\|([^|}]+)\\|?([^|}]*)\\|?([^|}]*)\\}\\}'\n",
" matches = re.findall(template_regex, etymology_text)\n",
"\n",
" path = []\n",
" for match in matches:\n",
" template_type, lang_code, word, _, meaning = match\n",
" lang_full = language_codes.get(lang_code.strip(), \"unknown\") # Translate language codes\n",
" \n",
" if meaning:\n",
" entry = f\"{lang_full}: {word.strip()} ('{meaning.strip()}')\"\n",
" else:\n",
" entry = f\"{lang_full}: {word.strip()}\"\n",
" \n",
" path.append(entry)\n",
"\n",
" # We reverse to go from the oldest to the newest\n",
" path.reverse()\n",
"\n",
" # Construct the path\n",
" formatted_path = ' <- '.join(path)\n",
" return formatted_path\n",
"\n",
"# Example usage\n",
"etymology_text = \"From {{bor|en|LL.|plēthōra}}, from {{der|en|grc|πληθώρη||fullness, satiety}}, from {{af|grc|πλήθω|-η|t1=to be full|pos2=nominal suffix|nocat=1}}.\"\n",
"formatted_etymology_path = extract_etymology(etymology_text)\n",
"print(formatted_etymology_path)\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 192,
"id": "3aca4326-652d-414b-a6b2-73d955c02889",
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{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"No etymology found.\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import re\n",
"from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET\n",
"\n",
"def extract_etymology(xml_content):\n",
" # Handle namespaces (if present in the XML structure)\n",
" namespaces = {'ns': 'http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/'}\n",
" \n",
" # Parse XML\n",
" root = ET.fromstring(xml_content)\n",
" \n",
" # Navigate to the text content of the etymology section\n",
" for page in root.findall('ns:page', namespaces):\n",
" title = page.find('ns:title', namespaces).text\n",
" if title.lower() == \"plethora\":\n",
" revisions = page.findall('ns:revision', namespaces)\n",
" for rev in revisions:\n",
" text = rev.find('ns:text', namespaces).text\n",
" \n",
" # Extracting etymology using the correct heading structure\n",
" etymology_text = re.search(r\"===Etymology===(.*?)===\", text, re.DOTALL)\n",
" if etymology_text:\n",
" etymology = etymology_text.group(1)\n",
" \n",
" # Extract language origins using the exact template structure\n",
" patterns = [\n",
" (r\"{{bor\\|[^|]+\\|([^|]+)\\|([^}]+)}}\", 'bor'), # Borrowings\n",
" (r\"{{af\\|[^|]+\\|([^|]+)\\|[^|]*\\|t1=([^}]+)}}\", 'af') # Affixes\n",
" ]\n",
" \n",
" path = [\"eng: plethora\"]\n",
" for pattern, type in patterns:\n",
" matches = re.findall(pattern, etymology)\n",
" for lang_code, word in matches:\n",
" path.append(f\"{lang_code}: {word}\")\n",
" \n",
" path.reverse()\n",
" return \" <- \".join(path)\n",
" \n",
" return \"No etymology found.\"\n",
"\n",
"# Example XML content for testing\n",
"example_xml_content = '''\n",
"<page xmlns=\"http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/\">\n",
" <title>Plethora</title>\n",
" <revision>\n",
" <text xml:space=\"preserve\">==English==\n",
" ===Etymology===\n",
" From {{bor|en|LL.|plēthōra}}, from {{der|en|grc|πληθώρη||fullness, satiety}}, from {{af|grc|πλήθω|-η|t1=to be full|pos2=nominal suffix|nocat=1}}.\n",
" </text>\n",
" </revision>\n",
"</page>\n",
"'''\n",
"\n",
"print(extract_etymology(example_xml_content))\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 202,
"id": "f4037698-0845-494b-99a8-b69ab5944be4",
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{
"name": "stdout",
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"text": [
"Debug Text: ==English==\n",
"{{was wotd|2006|April|26}}\n",
"\n",
"===Etymology===\n",
"{{root|en|ine-pro|*pleh₁-}}\n",
"From {{bor|en|LL.|plēthōra}}, from {{der|en|grc|πληθώρη||fullness, satiety}}, from {{af|grc|πλήθω|-η|t1=to be full|pos2=nominal suffix|nocat=1}}.\n",
"\n",
"===Pronunciation===\n",
"* {{enPR|plĕʹthərə|plĕʹdhərə|plĭthôʹrə|a=RP}}, {{IPA|en|/ˈplɛθəɹə/|/ˈplɛðəɹə/|/plɪˈθɔːɹə/}}\n",
"* {{enPR|plĕʹthərə|a=GA}}, {{IPA|en|/ˈplɛθəɹə/}}\n",
"* {{audio|en|en-us-plethora.ogg|Audio (US)}}\n",
"* {{audio|en|en-au-plethora.ogg|Audio (AU)}}\n",
"* {{rhymes|en|ɔːɹə}}\n",
"\n",
"===Noun===\n",
"{{en-noun|~|plethorae|s}}\n",
"\n",
"# {{lb|en|usually|followed by {{m|en|of}}}} An [[excessive]] [[amount]] or [[number]]; an [[abundance]].\n",
"#: {{ux|en|The menu offers a '''plethora''' of cuisines from around the world.}}\n",
"#* '''1817''', {{w|Francis Jeffrey}}, review of ''Lalla Rookh'', in the ''Edinburgh Review''\n",
"#*: He labours under a '''plethora''' of wit and imagination.\n",
"#* {{RQ:Melville Redburn|passage=I pushed my seat right up before the most insolent gazer, a short fat man, with a ''\n",
"Found Etymology Text: \n",
"{{root|en|ine-pro|*pleh₁-}}\n",
"From {{bor|en|LL.|plēthōra}}, from {{der|en|grc|πληθώρη||fullness, satiety}}, from {{af|grc|πλήθω|-η|t1=to be full|pos2=nominal suffix|nocat=1}}.\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"eng: plethora <- grc: to be full|pos2=nominal suffix|nocat=1 <- en: plēthōra\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import re\n",
"from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET\n",
"def extract_etymology(xml_content):\n",
" namespaces = {'mw': 'http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/'}\n",
" \n",
" root = ET.fromstring(xml_content)\n",
" \n",
" for page in root.findall('mw:page', namespaces):\n",
" title = page.find('mw:title', namespaces).text\n",
" if 'plethora' in title.lower():\n",
" revisions = page.findall('mw:revision', namespaces)\n",
" for rev in revisions:\n",
" text_elem = rev.find('mw:text', namespaces)\n",
" if text_elem is not None:\n",
" text = text_elem.text\n",
" print(\"Debug Text:\", text[:1000]) # Debug print\n",
" \n",
" etymology_match = re.search(r\"===Etymology===(.*?)===\", text, re.DOTALL)\n",
" if etymology_match:\n",
" etymology_text = etymology_match.group(1)\n",
" print(\"Found Etymology Text:\", etymology_text) # Debug print\n",
" \n",
" etymology_path = process_etymology(etymology_text)\n",
" return etymology_path\n",
" else:\n",
" print(\"No Etymology section found.\") # Debug print\n",
" else:\n",
" print(\"No text element found.\") # Debug print\n",
" \n",
" return \"No etymology found.\"\n",
"\n",
"def process_etymology(text):\n",
" patterns = [\n",
" (r\"{{bor\\|([^|]+)\\|([^|]+)\\|([^}]+)}}\", 'bor'), # Borrowings\n",
" (r\"{{der\\|([^|]+)\\|([^|]+)\\|([^|]+)\\|([^|]*)}}\", 'der'), # Derived\n",
" (r\"{{af\\|([^|]+)\\|([^|]+)\\|[^|]*\\|t1=([^}]+)}}\", 'af') # Affixes\n",
" ]\n",
" \n",
" path = []\n",
" \n",
" for pattern, template_type in patterns:\n",
" matches = re.findall(pattern, text)\n",
" for match in matches:\n",
" if template_type == 'bor':\n",
" lang_code, lang, word = match\n",
" path.append(f\"{lang_code}: {word}\")\n",
" elif template_type == 'der':\n",
" lang_code, lang, word, _ = match\n",
" path.append(f\"{lang_code}: {word}\")\n",
" elif template_type == 'af':\n",
" lang_code, lang, word = match\n",
" path.append(f\"{lang_code}: {word}\")\n",
" \n",
" path.append(\"eng: plethora\")\n",
" path.reverse()\n",
" return \" <- \".join(path)\n",
"\n",
"# # Example call with XML content passed directly to the function\n",
"# example_xml_content = '''\n",
"# <mediawiki xmlns=\"http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/\">\n",
"# <page>\n",
"# <title>Plethora</title>\n",
"# <revision>\n",
"# <text xml:space=\"preserve\">==English==\n",
"# ===Etymology===\n",
"# From {{bor|en|LL.|plēthōra}}, from {{der|en|grc|πληθώρη||fullness, satiety}}, from {{af|grc|πλήθω|-η|t1=to be full|pos2=nominal suffix|nocat=1}}.\n",
"# </text>\n",
"# </revision>\n",
"# </page>\n",
"# </mediawiki>\n",
"# '''\n",
"\n",
"# print(extract_etymology(example_xml_content))\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"# Example call with XML content passed directly to the function\n",
"example_xml_content = open('wikitionary-parsing/plethora.xml', 'r', encoding='utf-8').read()\n",
"print(extract_etymology(example_xml_content))\n",
"\n",
"# For demonstration, adjust the actual XML string or file path as necessary.\n"
]
},
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