<!-- Copyright (c) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2013 The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE UNIVERSITY AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE UNIVERSITY OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. --> <html> <head> <title>ls</title> <body bgcolor=#ffffff> <h2 align=center>ls</h2> <h4 align=center>OS/161 Reference Manual</h4> <h3>Name</h3> <p> ls - list files or directory contents </p> <h3>Synopsis</h3> <p> <tt>/bin/ls</tt> [<tt>-adlRs</tt>] [<em>path</em>...] </p> <h3>Description</h3> <p> <tt>ls</tt> lists the filesystem objects specified on the command line. If they are directories, the contents of the directories are listed (unless the <tt>-d</tt> option is used). </p> <p> If the <tt>-a</tt> option is given, filenames beginning with dot (.) will be listed. Ordinarily, they are skipped. </p> <p> If the <tt>-d</tt> option is given, directory contents will not be listed; the directories themselves will be. </p> <p> If the <tt>-l</tt> option is given, a long format listing showing the file size, type, and link count will be displayed instead of just the filenames. </p> <p> If the <tt>-R</tt> option is given, subdirectories encountered will be listed recursively. </p> <p> If the <tt>-s</tt> option is given, the number of filesystem blocks used by each object will be displayed in addition to other information. </p> <p> If no <em>paths</em> are specified, the current directory is assumed. </p> <h3>Requirements</h3> <p> <tt>ls</tt> uses the following syscalls: <ul> <li> <A HREF=../syscall/open.html>open</A> <li> <A HREF=../syscall/write.html>write</A> <li> <A HREF=../syscall/fstat.html>fstat</A> <li> <A HREF=../syscall/getdirentry.html>getdirentry</A> <li> <A HREF=../syscall/close.html>close</A> <li> <A HREF=../syscall/_exit.html>_exit</A> </ul> </p> <p> As fstat and getdirentry are generally not part of the basic system calls assignment, <tt>ls</tt> will usually still not function after the basic system calls assignment is complete. These calls are typically part of a later assignment, usually the file system assignment. You may also need to implement the getdirentry functionality at the file system level. Consult your course materials for specific information. </p> </body> </html>